Cours 3 HFES

Grandes expéditions chinoises

Zheng He led expeditions in the 15th century, with ships five times larger than Christopher Columbus', suggesting China's advanced maritime knowledge.

Techniques industrielles et produits transmis par l'Asie

Asia transmitted industrial techniques such as high furnaces, hydraulic energy, paper, and printing, leading to the enrichment of the bourgeoisie through trade and the slave trade.

Arrival of the bourgeoisie in power

The bourgeoisie gained power in the Netherlands and England, forming alliances with the monarchy and later seeking direct political power, often resorting to violence.

Glorious Revolution of 1688

The overthrow of James II of England with the help of the Netherlands led to the birth of constitutional monarchy.

French Revolution and modern bourgeois ideology

The French Revolution in 1789-1802 promoted the protection of property rights and the creation of the Napoleonic Code, which favored private property.

Rise of the working class and urban riots

The 19th century saw the generalization of wage labor, the growth of the proletariat, and numerous riots and strikes, such as the Luddite sabotage of machines and the Lyon silk workers' revolt.

Misery among workers

Workers faced poverty, malnutrition, unsanitary housing, and the need to beg due to work accidents, leading to increased alcohol and opium consumption.

Enclosures and the textile industry in England

The enclosure movement and the expansion of the textile industry led to the oppression of the peasantry and the creation of workhouses.

Degradation of living conditions and lack of opportunities

The 16th and 17th centuries saw a decline in income, a rise in food prices, and pressure from English peasants on the city and its revenues.

Birth of industrial production

The 1650s marked the beginning of industrial production in England, with the development of factories and state support in France, the Netherlands, and England.

New peripheral demand

The birth of mercantilism and the role of North America as England's main outlet for exports.

Slavery and economic takeoff

Slavery played a crucial role in the economic development of the Americas, supported by the triangular trade.

Characteristics of modern capitalism

The industrial revolution, starting around 1750, involved massive investment in industry, the replacement of human and animal energy with hydraulic, steam, and electric power, and the significant growth of wage labor.

Global production boom

World production doubled between 1700 and 1820, and again in 1870 and 1910.

Industrialization in France, Germany, the United States, Japan, and Russia

These countries experienced industrialization in the 19th and early 20th centuries.