Biology II - Spring Final

6CO2 + 6H2O (+ sunlight)

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

C6H12O6 + 6O2

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Thylakoid membrane

In what structure of the chloroplast is chlorophyll located in?

PSII, ETC, PSI, and ATP Synthase

What is the sequence of the different systems in the light dependent side of photosynthesis?

Fixation, reduction, and regeneration

What is the correct order for the reactions of the light independent cycle, also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle?

anaerobic breakdown of glucose

What is fermentation?

Both contain the ETC, where a majority of the end product is made

Why can cristae of the mitochondria be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast?

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

RuBP

What must each turn in the Krebs cycle regenerate in order to be able to continue?

Glycolysis

Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?

Cytoplasm

Where does fermentation occur within a cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of glucose?

2 pyruvates

What is the end product of glycolysis?

3

How many CO2 molecules are generated from each pyruvate that enters the mitochondria?

2 NAD+, 2CO2, and either ethyl alcohol or lactate acid

What results if glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions?

To produce energy (ATP)

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate and the reactions produce 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Occurs in cytoplasm. 2 net ATP yield.

Prep Stage

2 pyruvate is made into acetyl-coA by enzyme coA. Occurs in matrix of mitochondria. No more ATP produced.

krebs Cycle

acetyl-coA transfers to C4 molecule then C6 (citric acid) molecule. Produces 2 more ATP , producing net 4 ATP . 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 is also produced. Located in the cristae of mitochondria.

Electron Transport Chain

34 ATP produced and 6 H2O as well

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries hereditary information. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins.

What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?

DNA replication

What happens when a cell divides?

One strand of parental DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA

What does semiconservative mean?

Nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

The deoxyribose sugar

What do the phosphate groups bound to in DNA?

phosphate- sugar - phosphate - sugar-phosphate - sugar

What is the sequence of subunits in the DNA “backbone”?

Hydrogen

Commentary based pairs are held together by _______ bonds

DNA helicase

What enzyme does this?

unwinds the double helix of the parental DNA molecule

DNA polymerase

What enzyme does this?

matches nucleotides that are complementary to parental DNA: leading and lagging strands. DNA polymerase is continuous on the DNA leading strand while Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand.

DNA ligase

What enzyme does this?

joins together two new strands of DNA paired with each of the original parental strands on the leading and lagging.

One gene is coded by one enzyme

What is the “one-gene one- enzyme” hypothesis?

DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose. DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded. DNA is only found in the nucleus, some forms of RNA are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.

Compare DNA to RNA

AUGGGCUAUU

If given a sequence of bases in a section of DNA, such as, TACCGATAA, give the corresponding sequence of bases in mRNA?

Transcription

What is the process of making a RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence?

Translation

What is the process that takes the information passed from DNA as a messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids, to be used to create proteins?

mRNA

What is produced in the nucleus. carries genetic information to ribosomes?

tRNA

What is produced in the nucleus. transfers amino acids to ribosomes?

rRNA

What is produced in the nucleolus of the nucleus from DNA template. joins with proteins to form ribosomes?

Codons are found on mRNA while anticodons are found on tRNA.

Differentiate codons from anticodons

3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA

What is a codon?

Natural selection

What is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring?

Adaptation

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Evolution

change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

Genetic drift

change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Micro evolution

small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation

Macroevolution

large changes over time and requires speciation

Lamarck believed in acquired characteristics changing an offspring’s phenotype. While Darwin did not, as natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.

How do Darwin and Lamarck’s ideas about evolution differ?

Fitness

Reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population.

By interaction with the environment

How is fitness measured?

Darwin

aboard HMS Beagle, Origin of Species, theory of evolution

Georges Cuvier

founded paleontology, catastrophism, and believed in fixity of species

Alfred Wallace

“survival of the fittest,” British naturalist

Charles lyell

Principles of Geology and Uniformitarianism

West of South America (southern hemisphere)

Where are the Galapagos Islands located?

Continental drift and meteorites

What factors contribute to mass extension?

Speciation

formation of a new species - occurs when a population evolves independently from the original population