Ideologies

Pluralist ideology

Belief that multiple ideologies coexist in society, reflecting diverse social groups' values and worldviews, promoting equal participation in the political process.

Multiculturalism policy

Supports pluralist ideology by emphasizing tolerance of moral, cultural, and political diversity as essential for freedom in a liberal democracy.

Marxist ideology

Focuses on ruling-class control of institutions to maintain capitalist inequalities, including ideas like 'equality is against human nature' and victim-blaming theories on poverty.

Gramsci

Introduces concepts like hegemony (ideological domination), dual consciousness (mix of ruling-class and personal ideas), counter-hegemonic bloc (offering alternative leadership), and organic intellectuals (recruiting others to anti-capitalist ideology).