lower 211

Hip Bone

A large irregular bone that connects the lower
limb to the trunk

Acetabulum

a deep circular cup shaped depression on the lateral surface of the hip bone below its middle

Acetabulum notch

a gap on the inferior margin of the rim of acetabulum

Acetabular fossa

a flat central part of the acetabulum

Obturator foramen

large opening in the inferior part of the hip bone between the pubis and ischium

Ilium

or flank bone, it forms the upper two-fifths of the acetabulum, and all of the hip bone above it

Ala or wing

is the thin flattened upper part of the ilium above the body

Iliac crest

upper curved border of the ala

Iliac fossa

concave inner surface of the wing of ilium

Auricular surface

a rough, ear-shaped part posterior to the iliac fossa that articulates with the upper lateral part of the sacrum

Ischium

forms the lower two-fifths of the acetabulum and that part of the hip bone below and dorsal to the acetabulum

Ischial spine

pointed process that extends dorsally and medially from the body of the ischium

Ischial tuberosity

large rounded process on the posterior surface of the lower end of the body of ischium

Pubis

forms the anterior one-fifth of the acetabulum and the anterior part of the hip bone in front of the acetabulum and obturator foramen

Pubic tubercle

a very small process on the superior margin of the pubic bones slightly lateral to the pubic symphysis

Pubic crest

small ridge on the upper margin extending from the symphysis to the pubic tubercle

Pubic arch

is the curved surface formed by the medial margins of both inferior rami of the pubic bones and the lower border of the symphysis pubis

Pelvis

a hollow curved cylinder with bony walls, at the inferior end of the vertebral column

Linea Terminalis (terminal line)

a ridge of bone that begins at the upper margin of the symphysis pubis

Superior aperture (opening)

pelvic rim or inlet. Heart-shaped opening into the true pelvis

Inferior aperture or outlet

an opening at the lower end of the pelvis composed of the incomplete bony ring and ligaments

True pelvis or minor pelvis

is the cavity located between the inlet and outlet

False pelvis or major pelvis

lies above the plane of the inlet

Greater Sciatic notch

a deep notch on the posterior margin of the hip bone

Femur

a long bone, and the longest bone in the body, extending from the hip to the knee

Fovea capitis femoris

small but definite hole at the center of the head

Greater trochanter

large prominence on the lateral surface of the upper femur

Lesser trochanter

much smaller rounded process that extends medially from the posteromedial margin of the upper femur at the junction of the neck and shaft

Intertrochanteric crest

is a ridge of bone that passes obliquely across the back of the upper femur between the greater and lesser trochanters

Intertrochanteric line

a ridge that extends obliquely across the anterior surface of the upper femur

Linea aspera

a double bony ridge that passes longitudinally down the posterior surface of the body of femur

Medial condyle

rounded knoblike process that forms the medial part of the distal end of the femur

Lateral condyle

rounded process forming the lateral part of the distal end of the femur

Intercondylar fossa

a deep notch located between the posterior parts of the femoral condyles

Adductor tubercle

a small process on the medial surface of the medial epicondyle

Patella

is a sesamoid bone lying within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle tendon. it is a flat rounded bone and lies anterior to the knee joints

Tibia

large sturdy bone and lies medial to the fibula

Intercondylar eminence

a small, double pointed process on the proximal end of the tibia, located between the articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia

Tibial tuberosity

rounded prominence on the anterior surface of the tibia below the condyles

Fibular articular surface

small, smooth rounded area on the posterolateral border of the lateral tibial condyle

Inferior articular surface

a four sided smooth surface on the distal end of the tibia

Medial malleolus

projects down from the medial margin of the tibia. it reaches about one-half inch below the level of the ankle joint

Fibular notch

a concave depression on the lateral surface of the tibia just above the ankle joint

Fibula

Long slender bone lying on the lateral side of the tibia and parallel to it

Apex or styloid process of the fibula

pointed upper end of the head

Lateral malleolus

distal expanded end of the fibula. its tip is a lower level than the medial malleolus

Tarsal bones

short bones

Talus

or astragalus is sometimes referred to a ankle bone. it lies between the distal end of the tibia and the calcaneus, transmitting body weight to the calcaneus

Trochlea

upper smooth convex surface that articulates with the lower end of the tibia

The head

rounded anterior end of talus

Calcaneus

largest tarsal bone and forms the heel

Calcaneal tuberosity

enlarged posterior end

Sustentaculum tali

small but definite shelf of bone that projects medially from the medial surface of the calcaneus immediately below the talus, which it helps to support

Metatarsal bones

miniature long bones

Digits

miniature long bones

Patella

largest sesamoid bone

Fabella

frequently present posterior to and above the lateral condyle of the femur

Sesamoid bones

often present in tendons on the plantar surfaces of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe, second toe and sometimes in other toes

Sacroiliac joints

gliding joint

Pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint

Hip joints or coxal joints

ball and socket joint

Round ligament

or the ligament of the femoral head is attached to the pit on the femoral head above and to the acetabular notch of the hip bone below

Knee joints

hinge, double condylar, gliding joint

Menisci or semilunar cartilages

2 flat half-moon shaped discs of cartilage with the knee joint

Cruciate ligaments

two band of fibrous tissue that pass up from the intercondylar part of tibia, one to each margin of the intercondylar fossa

Patellar ligaments

extends from the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

Superior tibiofibular joint

gliding joint

Inferior tibiofibular joints

cartilaginous joint

Ankle joint

hinge joint

Intertarsal joints

gliding joints

Tarsometatarsal joints

condylar joints

Interphalangeal joints

hinge joints

Longitudinal arch

visible when the foot is viewed on the medial border

Transverse arch

curved from the medial side of the plantar surface to the lateral margin of the foot

Congenital dislocation

femoral head lies outside of and above the acetabulum

Absence of one or both patellae

Congenital anomaly

Bipartite patella

patella may present as 2 separate bones

Os trigonum

a small triangular bone posterior to the talus has formed from a separate epiphysis to that of the talus, and has failed to unite with it

Accessory navicular bone

the posteromedial part of the navicular bone may be separate from the main part of this bone