ANTH 277: FINAL

collection of all weekly quizzes

What does Gina Rippon mean when she says that, "a gendered world will produce a gendered brain"?

 

That even when there are social and cultural ideas of gender, they will have no impact on the brain of an individual.

 

That differences between masculine and feminine brains will result in contexts where there are strong social gender roles and ideas.

 

That women's brains will become smaller in a world where women are considered small.

 

That human brains will develop a blue hue if masculine and a pink hue if feminine.

That differences between masculine and feminine brains will result in contexts where there are strong social gender roles and ideas.

According to our class discussions this week, who is generally considered the father of anthropology?

 

Franz Boas

 

Karl Marx

 

Marvin Harris

 

Agustin Fuentes

 

E. B. Tylor

Franz Boas

Cultural relativism is a core concept in anthropology that is entirely perfect and does not have any critics.

 

True

 

False

False

Why is it important to remember that anthropology is an academic discipline?

 

Because that means that anthropology is an entirely unbiased profession.

 

Because it means that anthropologists should get paid more.

 

Because academic disciplines are confined by physical and ideological structures that impart how and what we learn.

 

Because it means that anthropology is important.

Because academic disciplines are confined by physical and ideological structures that impart how and what we learn.

Which of the following is the best definition of biological essentialism according to our class discussions so far?

 

Biological essentialism is the belief that culture is a strong force dictating human affairs.

 

Biological essentialism is belief that humans are the most advanced and superior species in the universe.

 

Biological essentialism is the belief that biology answers all of life's questions.

 

Biological essentialism is the belief that our social behaviors are the direct effect of our biological sex.

Biological essentialism is the belief that our social behaviors are the direct effect of our biological sex.

Which of the following categories of knowledge is prioritized in academic studies?

 

"True"

 

Implicit

 

Synesthetic

 

Tacit

Implicit

Who was Antonio de Erauso and what is their significance to this class?

 

The "Lietenunt Nun" who recieved special dispensation from King Phillip IV to dress and act as a man, depsite being born female, speaking to the complicated role of gender in the past and present.

 

An obscure historical figure who famously stated that gender is the natural order of the world, demonstrating the pernicious way gender infiltrates all we do.

 

A famous, amateur anthropologist who was significant before the field was codified and formalized as an academic institution.

 

The father of anthropology, and the first to formalize a definition for "cultural relativism," a central concept in anthropology.

The "Lietenunt Nun" who recieved special dispensation from King Phillip IV to dress and act as a man, depsite being born female, speaking to the complicated role of gender in the past and present.

According to our class discussion on Tuesday, why DOESN'T Jordan Peterson link his theory of a binary world order, which extends down to essential gender differences in behavior, to testosterone and estrogen?

 

As a professional psychologist, he knew the evidence that refuted the idea that these behaviors were linked to these hormones.

 

As a practioner of theology, he felt that there was no reason to discuss biological roots for these differences.

 

Because it's so common knowledge that he felt he didn't need to.

 

Because he was unaware that testosterone and estrogen were hormones in the body.

As a professional psychologist, he knew the evidence that refuted the idea that these behaviors were linked to these hormones.

What is biological essentialism?

 

The myth that males and females behave differently based on their production of the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

 

The belief that males and females are physiologically different.

 

The scientific theory that men and women behave differently based on biological investment in offspring.

 

The myth that the penis is a reality and not simply a social construct.

The myth that males and females behave differently based on their production of the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Which of the following concepts kept Charles Darwin from making broad-reaching claims about the "natural" way people lived, unlike other animals?

 

Human exceptionalism

 

Biological essentialism

 

Sexual selection

 

Natural selection

Human exceptionalism

According to our class discussion, why was Angus Bateman convinced he had the results that he thought he had?

 

Because he had strong data to support it.

 

Because he was a genius way ahead of his time.

 

Because he had conducted numerous pre-trials that also supported these results.

 

Because they fit so closely with his expectations for how he "knew" the world worked.

Because they fit so closely with his expectations for how he "knew" the world worked.

Which of the following evolutionary forces is often falsely used as justification for the proposed behavioral differences between human males and females? 

 

Natural selection

 

Mating selection

 

Artificial selection

 

Sexual selection

Sexual selection

Which of the following are we encouraged to think of as a "red flag" when reading materials assigned for this class this semester?

 

When authors define their terms

 

When authors thoughtfully and carefully explain their methods, theories, and conclusions

 

When authors appeal to "common sense"

 

When authors take the time to consider the history of the social forces involved in their arguments

When authors appeal to "common sense"

According to our class discussion, Brian Snyder and Patricia Gowaty, upon replicating and reanalyzing Angus Bateman’s famous study, discovered that he was the first scientist to find evidence for which of the following phenomenon? 

 

The reproductive benefits for male passivity

 

The reproductive benefits for female promiscuity

 

The evolutionary benefits for female aggression

 

The evolutionary benefits for same-sex pairings

The reproductive benefits for female promiscuity

According to Cordelia Fine in Chapter 4, what does Daphna Joel's concept of the "mosaic brain" argue against?

 

The concept that the human brain is uniformly male or female.

 

The notion that men and women should pursue different careers.

 

The idea that humans can change their sex.

 

The belief that brain structure is fixed at birth.

The concept that the human brain is uniformly male or female.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a normal chromosomal partnering in humans?

 

XY

 

XXY

 

XXX

 

Y

Y

According to Jordan Peterson, which are the two primal, archetypical forces that control the universe?

 

White and black

 

Chaos and order

 

Men and women

 

Good and bad

Chaos and order

According to our class discussions this week, which is NOT one of the reasons why the paradigm of sexual selection in humans is so hard to shake?

 

Because it is creates to categories that are easy for many to understand.

 

Because it is supported by ample and very clear scientific evidence.

 

Because is it clear and simple.

 

Because is it supported by many of our experiences in Western society.

Because it is supported by ample and very clear scientific evidence.

How does Cordelia Fine connect scientific authority with cultural narratives about gender?

 

She shows how scientific claims have historically been shaped by cultural biases and stereotypes.

 

She argues that science objectively disproves cultural myths about gender.

 

She claims that scientists have deliberately concealed the truth about testosterone.

 

She demonstrates that culture and science operate independently when it comes to gender and sex.

She shows how scientific claims have historically been shaped by cultural biases and stereotypes.

According to our class discussions this week, which of the following needs to happen if we're going to invoke an awe-inspiring paradigm shift in the world of gender and sex?

 

We need to destroy academia, burn it to the ground, and begin again.

 

We need to burn all the copies of Jordan Peterson's books and generally ban any reading material that supports a contrary point of view.

 

We need to take time to appreciate the complex, unknowable, and even unfathomable process of evolution.

 

We need to drug the drinking water so everyone in the world begins to hallucinate.

We need to take time to appreciate the complex, unknowable, and even unfathomable process of evolution.

To which of the following human systems was the massive redeployment hypothesis first applied to?

 

The reproductive system

 

The nervous system (i.e., the brain)

 

The digestive system

 

The endocrine system

The nervous system (i.e., the brain)

According to our class discussion this week, from a societal perspective, why are we still holding on to an idea that differences between men and women are "hard-wired"?

 

Because we are evolutionary programmed to latch onto particular ideas and never let them go.

 

Because we are hard-wired to believe this is true.

 

Because of a widely held and poorly reflected upon paradigm of gender and sex.

 

Because this is actually right, despite critics claiming that it is not.

Because of a widely held and poorly reflected upon paradigm of gender and sex.

According to the article by Helena Cruz, which emotion does Cruz believe most helps scientists embrace paradigm changes?

 

Awe

 

Fear

 

Anger

 

Joy

Awe

Which of the following is the best definition for the massive redeployment hypothesis discussed this week?

 

That from an evolutionary perspective, some changes or "adaptions" are modifications of already existing systems.

 

That from an evolutionary perspective, adaptions that are spread by the most promiscuous members of a society are the most likely to impact the whole population.

 

That from an evolutionary perspective, it is far less energetic to create new systems and even organs to increase survival than it is to reuse what is already available.

 

That from an evolutionary perspective, an adaption to one environment is always and forever useful.

That from an evolutionary perspective, some changes or "adaptions" are modifications of already existing systems.

According to the article by Helena Cruz, which of the following individuals applied Jean-Paul Sartre's ideas about emotions to the field of science?

 

Thomas Kuhn

 

Charles Darwin

 

Bas van Fratsen

 

Sarah Hrdy

Bas van Fratsen

Which theme, introduced already in this course, is more directly reflected in Fine's critique of "male brains" versus "female brains"?

 

Embodiment, in how social experiences are lived through the body.

 

Ontology, in the study of being beyond the material reality.

 

Colonialism, in the imposition of European gender norms on Indigenous societies.

 

Biopolitics, in the ways that institutions regulate and define bodies.

Embodiment, in how social experiences are lived through the body.

According to Hoquet (2020), what is the current scientific perception of Angus Bateman's work?

 

It's divided between those who believe in his findings and those who do not.

 

It is virtually unknown, and most scientists do not know who Angus Bateman is.

 

It is universally praised for its (at the time) cutting edge research techniques.

 

It is universally panned for the poor methods, poor interpretation of results, and the insidious way it reinforces myths of gender and sex.

It's divided between those who believe in his findings and those who do not.

In the essay, "Bad Feminist," Roxane Gay introduces a few quotes from Elizabeth Wurtzel, who suggests that good feminists should all do what?

 

Make sure their families are taken care of before they take care of themselves.

 

Read The Second Sex.

 

Look hale and happy.

 

Burn their bras.

Look hale and happy.

In the essay, "Bad Feminist," Roxane Gay mentions gender essentialism with reference to the idea that there is an "essentialist feminism" in the world. Which of the following is NOT part of that essentialist feminist idea?

 

That feminists work and do not stay at home with their families.

 

That feminists are angry and militant.

 

That feminists love knitting and cardigans.

 

That feminists hate sex.

That feminists love knitting and cardigans.

Which of the following concepts has been core to the latest and more nuanced waves of feminism?

 

Rationalism.

 

Objectivism.

 

Ethnocentrism.

 

Intersectionality.

Intersectionality.

In the introduction to Wilma Mankiller's collection of essays on Indigenous feminism, Gloria Steinem says, "I suspect we may all be drawn to these lifeways. They may be in our DNA from the 95 percent of human history in which they were common, before patriarchy made hierarchy seem natural." In this quote, what scientific process is she referencing?

 

Sexual selection

 

Evolutionary theory

 

Gender roles

 

Reproduction

Evolutionary theory

Simone de Beauvoir was a member of which philosophical movement?

 

Nihilism

 

Platonism

 

Marxism

 

Existentialism

Existentialism

According to Karl Marx, what does society most value in its people?

 

Their ability to believe in better futures.

 

Their ideas and their intellect.

 

Their ability to reinvent themselves.

 

Their ability to produce, or make, things.

Their ability to produce, or make, things.

In her introduction to Wilma Mankiller's collection of essays, Gloria Steinem treads on which of the following myths?

 

The myth that American Indians were all one people who spoke the same language.

 

The myth that American Indians are the descedants of the lost tribe of the Israelites.

 

The myth that American Indians exterminated a previous group of people who built the extraordinary mounds and towns that European encountered when they came to this hemisphere.

 

The myth that American Indians lived in harmony and balance with each other and the world.

The myth that American Indians lived in harmony and balance with each other and the world.

In Marx's view, prostitution represented what?

 

Sexual freedom.

 

A rejection of society by subverting the rules of a "normal" life.

 

People, and primarily women, resorting to the use of the only resource they had under their control, their bodies.

 

Moral depravity.

People, and primarily women, resorting to the use of the only resource they had under their control, their bodies.

Gloria Steinem was a key figure in which feminist wave?

 

First wave.

 

Fourth wave.

 

Second wave.

 

Third wave.

Second wave.

When we say in this class that fake can be real, what do we mean?

 

That if we believe enough, we can make anything happen!

 

That labelling something fake does not mean that it does not exist.

 

That "fake," or man-made ideas, can be "real" because they can be internalized and can have very real impacts on our minds, bodies, and spirits.

 

That the world is heading toward an environmental catastrophe due to all the "fake" things we have made.

That "fake," or man-made ideas, can be "real" because they can be internalized and can have very real impacts on our minds, bodies, and spirits.

According to the meta-analysis conducted by Holt-Lunstad et al. in 2010, which of the following increases the lifespan of people?

 

Strong social relationships

 

More physical activity

 

Clean air

 

Annual flu vaccinations

Strong social relationships

How does the Western paradigm of gender and sex deny the mind-body connection?

 

It asserts that what we feel is important to how we feel.

 

It asserts that sex is a social, not biological, construction.

 

It asserts that gender is entirely in the mind, and not in the body.

 

It asserts that there is no connection between the two, and that physical well-being is separate from mental well-being.

It asserts that there is no connection between the two, and that physical well-being is separate from mental well-being.

According to the TEDx talk by Ben Hurst, Hurst believes which of the following about social expectations for boys?

 

We have created an idea of masculinity that is in line with the biological reality of masculinity.

 

We have set expectations that are too easy to reach.

 

We have talked too much about masculinity with boys.

 

We have set the bar too low and simultaneously put too much pressure on boys to act like "men."

We have set the bar too low and simultaneously put too much pressure on boys to act like "men."

According to the article "The Sexual Origins of Patriarchy and the Radical Power of Love," Paul Kottman's views on love-making in the human species best aligns with which of the following ideas discussed this semester in class?

 

The arbitrary assignment of gender roles within a society.

 

The biological essentialism of sexual selection.

 

The embodiment of certain social and cultural concepts.

 

The massive redeployment of the reproductive system to increase bonding and intimacy within our species.

The massive redeployment of the reproductive system to increase bonding and intimacy within our species.

According to the article"The Sexual Origins of Patriarchy and the Radical Power of Love," Paul Kottman believes sexual domination results from what of the following?

 

From the arbitrary attribution of the gender woman to the female body.

 

From an innate need, or will, in men to dominate the female form.

 

From sexual selection.

 

From our ancestors grasp of human reproduction.

From our ancestors grasp of human reproduction.

According to the podcast episode, "Guys, We Have a Problem: How American Masculinity Creates Lonely Men," which of the following was one of the most important findings from the Harvard Study of Adult Development? 

 

That oxytocin is the hormone central to falling in love.

 

That women are more prone to heart disease than men.

 

That people with warm, strong connections to others lived longer and developed certain diseases of middle age later in life.

 

That there are no essential differences between men and women.

That people with warm, strong connections to others lived longer and developed certain diseases of middle age later in life.

According to our class discussion this week, why is the friendship portrayed in "Bridesmaids" more healthy than the friendship portrayed in "Super Bad"?

 

Because the friendship in "Super Bad" is unrealistic today.

 

Because the friendship in "Bridesmaids" is between women, and not men.

 

Because the friendship in "Super Bad" is only emotionally vulnerable when they are inebriated.

 

Because the friendship in "Bridesmaids" represents a strong, though not perfect, connection in which all the individuals involved find support from one another.

Because the friendship in "Bridesmaids" represents a strong, though not perfect, connection in which all the individuals involved find support from one another.

According to the piece on Aeon by Paul Kottman, the author believes which of the following about the origins of sexual domination?

 

That they were inevitable, but wrong.

 

That they are weak.

 

That they used to be about controlling male reproduction.

 

That they are solely a product of Western culture.

That they were inevitable, but wrong.

According to the article"The Sexual Origins of Patriarchy and the Radical Power of Love," which of the following best summarizes the origins for gender within societies?

 

Gender is almost always more than a binary in every other society except Western society.

 

Gender is not universal.

 

Gender is irrelevant to sexual domination.

 

Gender is the social manifestation of the understanding of reproduction, and thus organizes society into the categories needed for reproduction.

Gender is the social manifestation of the understanding of reproduction, and thus organizes society into the categories needed for reproduction.

According to our class discussions this week, why is it necessary for the state to control the body?

 

Because it is the way to make sure no one is ever lonely.

 

In order to ensure everyone is entitled to a long and happy life.

 

Because it is their moral duty.

 

In order to make sure that individuals are "healthy" enough to maintain the "health" of the state.

In order to make sure that individuals are "healthy" enough to maintain the "health" of the state.

What did Bourdieu believe about gender?

 

That gender was largely informed by biology, and thus not impacted by social institutions

 

That gender is inherited from our parents.

 

That we all have the ability to be reflexive about our gender identities.

 

That, though a social construct, it was one learned so early in our lives that we could not shake it, because it was a "pre-reflexive" part of our habitus

That, though a social construct, it was one learned so early in our lives that we could not shake it, because it was a "pre-reflexive" part of our habitus

Which of the following concepts is NOT one we've received from Pierre Bourdieu? 

 

Habitus

 

Embodiment

 

Symbolic Power

 

Genealogy

Genealogy

Moving forward in this class, how will we use the concept of "genealogy"?

 

As a perspective to help us appreciate the accuracy and unwavering truths in historical and scientific documents.

 

As a critical exploration of history with an appreciation for how historical texts replicate systems of power.

 

As a method for reinforcing dominant narratives already vocalized in the past.

 

As a theory for understanding how language constructs our worldviews.

As a critical exploration of history with an appreciation for how historical texts replicate systems of power.

According to the chapter you read on Foucault this week, which of the following is one reason why Foucault likely did not explore women or gender through his genealogical analysis?

 

Because he strongly believed that sexual selection explained the differences between men and women.

 

Because he believed that there was no reason to consider femininity in the past because it was not an important social or cultural force.

 

Because he believed that the past was a black box, which means it is unknowable.

 

Because he strongly believed that his position, as a white man, made it impossible to explore "other views."

Because he strongly believed that his position, as a white man, made it impossible to explore "other views."

According to Beverly Skeggs and with relation to Pierre Bourdieu's work, why are queer studies important in the study of gender and sex?

 

Because they demonstrate how the system of power described by Bourdieu is replicated

 

Because they challenge dichotomies and hierarchies.

 

Because they demonstrate how accurate and even timeless Pierre Bourdieu's work is

 

Because they reinforce the concept of bio power

Because they challenge dichotomies and hierarchies.

According to Michel Foucault, the category and term "homosexual" was first preposed to describe deviant behavior from what "normal" behavior?

 

Heterosexuality

 

Non-reproductive sexuality

 

Bisexuality

 

Asexuality

Heterosexuality

Which of the following theoreticians discussed in class so far DOES NOT believe that individual agents can, and do, make their own choices (and thus that there is power in agency)?

 

Karl Marx

 

Michel Foucault

 

Pierre Bourdieu

 

Simone de Beauvoir

Michel Foucault

Pierre Bourdieu was more interested in studying systems of education and social status than he was in studying gender.

 

True

 

False

True

Pierre Bourdieu originally trained in graduate school to be what?

 

A medical doctor

 

A dignitary

 

An anthropologist

 

A psychologist

An anthropologist

According to the narrative that we are developing in this class, what is the relationship between language and power?

 

Language reinforces social power dynamics.

 

Language is comprehensive, covering all human experiences, including power.

 

Language us learned behavior while power is something humans are inherently born looking for.

 

Both are innate in humans.

Language reinforces social power dynamics.

In the chapter from "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence," how do the editors propose moving beyond older androcentric assumptions (e.g., “they were all men”) in interpreting the past?

 

By returning to invasion hypotheses

 

By assuming women’s work was unimportant to complex societies

 

By prioritizing classical texts over archaeology

 

By demanding arguments and evidence for gender claims and by reconsidering what counts as “important” labor (e.g., midwifery, textile production)

By demanding arguments and evidence for gender claims and by reconsidering what counts as “important” labor (e.g., midwifery, textile production)

According to Ocoback and Lacy, which of the following is NOT a kind of physiological evidence that suggests female bodies are equally capable of, if not better equipped for, endurance and hunting capabilities than male bodies?

 

The hip biomechanics of the female body may actually increase limb reach

 

The hip biomechanics of the female body may make it easier to carry heavy loads long distances

 

The cranial size of females is generally larger than that of males

 

The increase in estrogen in the female body may increase endurance abilities

The cranial size of females is generally larger than that of males

According to our class discussion on Tuesday, which of the following is NOT one of the main underlying principles of the "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence" chapter assigned?

 

That violence is prolific and widespread.

 

That gender is prolific and widespread (and perhaps universal).

 

That gender is biological.

 

That violence is often used in gendered situations.

That gender is biological.

The conversation between gender roles and gender identity represents the conversation between which other two concepts?

 

Power and hierarchy.

 

Males and females.

 

Biological sex at birth and sexual reproduction.

 

Structure and agency.

Structure and agency.

According to Ocoback and Lacy, which of the following groups are routinely left out of research questions and participant pools in sport science?

 

People of color

 

Males

 

Females

 

Elderly

Females

In their combined articles, what ultimate conclusion do Ocoback and Lacy come to regarding the question of whether or not females in the Paleolithic hunted?

 

That there is absolutely no responsible reason to assume they did not.

 

That they absolutely did not.

 

That they absolutely did, and likely did not cook or care for children.

 

That there isn't enough evidence to weigh in on whether they did or did not.

That there is absolutely no responsible reason to assume they did not.

According to the editors’ of "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence" framing, why is a dedicated “archaeology of gender and violence” necessary?

 

Because violence is universal and identical across cultures

 

Because gender and hierarchy are widespread classification systems, and hierarchy is inherently violent, entangling gender with violence in hierarchical societies

 

Because gender is reducible to biological sex

 

Because osteology alone can solve questions of gender

Because gender and hierarchy are widespread classification systems, and hierarchy is inherently violent, entangling gender with violence in hierarchical societies

Based on our class discussions this semester, which of the following best captures how we will discuss binary systems?

 

All humans are binary thinkers.

 

Binary thinking is harmless and we should continue to support it.

 

Binary systems are needed in the medical sciences.

 

Binary systems and binary thinking is a cultural, social, and historical product, and not an innate way that all humans think.

Binary systems and binary thinking is a cultural, social, and historical product, and not an innate way that all humans think.

According to Ocoback and Lacy, estrogen receptors have been proposed to be very ancient, likely evolving between...

 

1 million years ago

 

6 million years ago

 

85 million years ago

 

600-1,200 million years ago

600-1,200 million years ago

According to the narrative that we are developing in this class, what is the relationship between language and power?

 

Language reinforces social power dynamics.

 

Language is comprehensive, covering all human experiences, including power.

 

Language us learned behavior while power is something humans are inherently born looking for.

 

Both are innate in humans.

Language reinforces social power dynamics.

In the chapter from "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence," how do the editors propose moving beyond older androcentric assumptions (e.g., “they were all men”) in interpreting the past?

 

By returning to invasion hypotheses

 

By assuming women’s work was unimportant to complex societies

 

By prioritizing classical texts over archaeology

 

By demanding arguments and evidence for gender claims and by reconsidering what counts as “important” labor (e.g., midwifery, textile production)

By demanding arguments and evidence for gender claims and by reconsidering what counts as “important” labor (e.g., midwifery, textile production)

According to Ocoback and Lacy, which of the following is NOT a kind of physiological evidence that suggests female bodies are equally capable of, if not better equipped for, endurance and hunting capabilities than male bodies?

 

The hip biomechanics of the female body may actually increase limb reach

 

The hip biomechanics of the female body may make it easier to carry heavy loads long distances

 

The cranial size of females is generally larger than that of males

 

The increase in estrogen in the female body may increase endurance abilities

The cranial size of females is generally larger than that of males

According to our class discussion on Tuesday, which of the following is NOT one of the main underlying principles of the "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence" chapter assigned?

 

That violence is prolific and widespread.

 

That gender is prolific and widespread (and perhaps universal).

 

That gender is biological.

 

That violence is often used in gendered situations.

That gender is biological.

The conversation between gender roles and gender identity represents the conversation between which other two concepts?

 

Power and hierarchy.

 

Males and females.

 

Biological sex at birth and sexual reproduction.

 

Structure and agency.

Structure and agency.

According to Ocoback and Lacy, which of the following groups are routinely left out of research questions and participant pools in sport science?

 

People of color

 

Males

 

Females

 

Elderly

Females

In their combined articles, what ultimate conclusion do Ocoback and Lacy come to regarding the question of whether or not females in the Paleolithic hunted?

 

That there is absolutely no responsible reason to assume they did not.

 

That they absolutely did not.

 

That they absolutely did, and likely did not cook or care for children.

 

That there isn't enough evidence to weigh in on whether they did or did not.

That there is absolutely no responsible reason to assume they did not.

According to the editors’ of "Archaeologies of Gender and Violence" framing, why is a dedicated “archaeology of gender and violence” necessary?

 

Because violence is universal and identical across cultures

 

Because gender and hierarchy are widespread classification systems, and hierarchy is inherently violent, entangling gender with violence in hierarchical societies

 

Because gender is reducible to biological sex

 

Because osteology alone can solve questions of gender

Because gender and hierarchy are widespread classification systems, and hierarchy is inherently violent, entangling gender with violence in hierarchical societies

Based on our class discussions this semester, which of the following best captures how we will discuss binary systems?

 

All humans are binary thinkers.

 

Binary thinking is harmless and we should continue to support it.

 

Binary systems are needed in the medical sciences.

 

Binary systems and binary thinking is a cultural, social, and historical product, and not an innate way that all humans think.

Binary systems and binary thinking is a cultural, social, and historical product, and not an innate way that all humans think.

According to Ocoback and Lacy, estrogen receptors have been proposed to be very ancient, likely evolving between...

 

1 million years ago

 

6 million years ago

 

85 million years ago

 

600-1,200 million years ago

600-1,200 million years ago

In which of the following ancient societies did women has the most freedom, as defined by our class discussions so far?

 

Ancient Babylon

 

Ancient Rome

 

Ancient Egypt

 

Ancient Greece

Ancient Egypt

Patriarchy is universal.

 

True

 

False

False

How many socially accepted genders were there in Ancient Rome?

 

One

 

Five

 

Three

 

Two

Two

Which concept given to us by Michel Foucault might help us understand why there is a clear, vested interest in defining "obesity" as categorically "unhealthy"?

 

Hegemony

 

Embodiment

 

Habitus

 

Biopower

Biopower

All archaeologists agree on what can be learn about people from their stuff. 

 

True

 

False

False

According to class this week, a large number of our "modern" structural ideas about gender and sex comes from which "ancient civilization"?

 

Ancient Greece and Rome

 

Ancient Babylon

 

Ancient Egypt

 

Ancient Mesopotamia

Ancient Greece and Rome

The Paleolithic "female" figurines were produced when?

 

Between approximately 50,000 to 5,000 years ago.

 

About 1,000 years ago.

 

Over a million years ago.

 

During the European Bronze Age.

Between approximately 50,000 to 5,000 years ago.

What does heterarchy have to do with gender?

 

Heterarchy reminds us that gender roles are rarely dichotomous.

 

Heterarchy suggests that people are biologically equal, and it is only through social institutions that men and women become "more or less."

 

Heterarchy reminds us that hierarchies are political systems.

 

Heterarchy suggests that women, men, and other genders can attain power and status through different but socially equal channels.

Heterarchy suggests that women, men, and other genders can attain power and status through different but socially equal channels.

According to our class discussion on Tuesday, what would happen to a Vestal Virgin were her virginity compromised?

 

Nothing would happen.

 

She was killed.

 

She would remain in the cult, but would be demoted to a lower status.

 

She would be asked to leave the cult.

She was killed.

What is the relationship between heterarchy and hierarchy?

 

They are opposed, and heterarchy is the social mechanism by which hierarchies are crumbled.

 

They are mutually exclusive, meaning a society can be either heterarchical or hierarchical.

 

They are the complementary, and one cannot exist without the other.

 

They tend to work together, but hierarchy is about different access to a power source, while heterarchy is about different power sources available to different people based on social situation.

They tend to work together, but hierarchy is about different access to a power source, while heterarchy is about different power sources available to different people based on social situation.