PSYB20 Ch 1 - 4

What is the first stage of prenatal development? Describe and explain how it occurs

The first stage is the embryonic stage (period of the zygote) that occurs when the egg is fertilised by sperm. It lasts around 0-2 weeks. Blastocyst attatches to uterine lining.

What is the difference between meiosis vs mitosis?

Mitosis duplicates into two identical diploid daughter cells whereas meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction. The chromosomes cross over

What is the second stage of prenatal development? Describe and explain how it occurs

Embryonic stage which lasts around 2-8 weeks. This is when the neural tube forms and the swallowing reflex

Describe and explain the structure of the Germinal stage

Occurs from fertilization to two weeks. The egg is fertilized, travels down the fallopian tube, blastocyst → embryo and is attatched to the uterine lining.

What happens during the second trimester of pregnancy? When does it occur and how long

The second trimester is the embryonic stage. The neural tube develops.

Ectoderm - develops into the nervous system, skin

Mesoderm - muscles, bones
Endoderm - vital organs

What happens during the fetal stage? Describe and explain

• The fetal stage occurs from 3-9 months. The heartbeat can be detected from the 1st month. Facial features, ears.

• The sex can be detected starting from the 3rd month. The digestive sytem develops, swallowing reflex develops.
  
  From 4-6 months

• Vernix, lanugo, kicking felt by mother,
  
  7-9 months

• maturity of organ system

What does the amniotic sac do?

What is the chorion?

What does the umbilical cord do?

What is the placenta’s function?

What is the Ecological theory of development?

Brobenfenner

• Exosystem

• Mesosystem

• Microsystem

• Macrosystem

• Exosystem

What is the Ethological view?

Name the four overarching themes of development

What is the ecological view on development?

Gibson proposed perception brings people in contact with the environment, object have affordances.

What is the visual cliff experiment and what does it do?

Oral stage

Infants explore orally such as sucking, 0-1 yr

Anal Stage

The toilet training stage, if this is not complete, infants can become messy and disorganised later on in life.

Dynamic systems theory

Perception and sensation are coupled together. To develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use perceptions to fine tune movements. Motor skills represent solutions to the infant’s goals.

Nativist vs Empiricist view

Nativist view is the perspective that cognitive capacities are innate while empiricist view is the blank slate perspective

Perception action coupling

Action influences and educates perception. Ecological view is the idea that objects offer affordances, opportunities for interaction.

Ethological theory

Bowlby → attachment, critical and sensitive periods. Linked to evolution e.g ducks imprinting. Evolution and genetics

Sensitive period

Bowlby → attachment to caregiver in the first year is important. If attachment is insecure, development is less than optimal. First year of life is sensitive.

What is the difference between a critical and a sensitive period?

Fixed time period in early childhood, effects have a long lasting effect on development.

What is the epigenetic view on development?

Environment and biology interact and it’s bidirectional. Environment can change gene expression.

Phallic Stage

Children attracted to parent of the opposite sex. Stuck in this stage can lead to promiscuity and vanity in adulthood.

Latency

Sexual urges are not there, children channel energy in school and social life.

Genital Stage

Exploration of romatic relationships. Sexual urges are back, adolescence. Puberty to adulthood.

Chromosomal and gene linked abnormalities

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a gamete is formed without 23 set of chromosomes or an extra chromosome. Gene linked abnormalities are carried, primarily by the X chromosome.

Sickle cell disease vs sickle cell trait

Sickle cell disease is expressed and people with sickle cell trait is just a carrier (e.g Bb)

Adaptive behaviour and Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology emphasizes adaptive behaviours and natural selection in shaping behaviour, e.g thumb sucking by 3rd month of fetal stage.

Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins

Monozygotic twins share almost 100% of the DNA because the egg splits in two while dizygotic twins don’t. Dizygotic twins happens when two eggs are fertilized at the same time.

Polygenetic inheritance

More than just the alle of parents but also grandparents. Diverse gene pool

Epigenetic view x Environmental interaction

Epigenetic view believes heredity and the environment have a bidirectional relationship where the environment influences genetic. Heredity and environment work together to produce someone’s intelligence, height, IQ

Teratogens

Anything that can cause a birth defect or negative cognitive or behavioural outcomes.

Describe and explain how the brain grows

Synaptogenesis - synpatic gaps created

Aborization - dendrite growth

Myelination - neurons are myelinated in the brain with oligodendrocytes

Occurs around 5-7 weeks Embryonic stage

Fine motor skills

Gross motor skills

What are they, what are some?

Preference Technique

Habituation vs Dishabituation

High Amplitude sucking method

Simple Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Codominance and Incomplete Dominance

Intermodal Perception

When two or more types of sensory modalities are working together for perception.

Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Active(niche picking), evocative, passive

Types of child development. Passive environments is when the child is

Teratogens

Social Cognitive theory

Operant conditioning

What is development?

Development is a process of maturation and learning.

Ideographic approach

Holistic nature of development

Normative development

Large group

Hobbes

Innately evil

Locke

Tabula Rasa

Rousseau

Innate goodness

Theory

Proposition for describing or explaining patterns of behaviour

Cohort effect

occurs when differences in behavior, attitudes, or cognitive abilities among groups of people are caused by shared historical contex rather than age

Two types of continuity

Absolute continuity → value stays the same e.g IQ

Positional continuity → Value changes put the rank stays the same e.g more extroverted with time but so did your classmates so you still stay at the same position.

Trust vs Mistrust

Initiatve vs Guilt

Industry vs Inferiority

Identity vs Identity confusion

INtimacy vs Isolation

Generativity vs Stagnantion

Integrity vs Despair

Social Learning theory