what needs to be reviewed

what are schedule IV drugs?

low potential for misuse and addiction, can be prescribed

• may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological

what is potentiation?

combining certain drug's increases the potency beyond simple additivity

what is bioavailability?

the extent to which a substance/drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination

what is the ED50?

the concentration at which 50% of the maximal effect of the drug is observed

what is harm reduction?

a strategy which focuses on limiting the dangers of drugs

what is efficacy?

the ability of a drug to produce the maximal desired effect

if a drug is lipophilic, what does that change for drugs in the body?

they enter the cell to act on intracellular receptors that cause changes in gene expression within the nucleus, but they take longer to act

what is a negative allosteric modulator? (Nam)

reduces the receptors response to an agonist by decreasing its activation

what are first-order "exponential" kinetics?

a drug concentration decreases by 50% after a certain time and is based on concentration of the drug in the blood

what is a positive allosteric modulator?

enhances the effect of an agonist by increasing receptor activation without activating it alone

what is a metabolite?

the result of metabolism, prepared for excretion

what are receptor antagonists?

they fit receptors but produce no cellular effect and they prevent active ligand from binding

where can drugs distribute to?

fat, active and passive transport across membranes, protein binding, the placenta barrier, the CNS

what are neuromodulators?

alter the effectiveness of single transmission

• may be released at various time and act more distantly

how does the oral consumption of drugs work?

the drug has to go through digestion, which takes a long time, and it loses most of its bioavailability

• the drug must pass through the intestinal wall and through the capillary to get into the blood

how does membrane absorption of drugs work?

through the skin or other membranes exposed to the environment

• intranasal

• sublingual

• transdermal

what is a half-life?

an index of how long the process from absorption to elimination takes

what is drug reinforcement?

the strengthening of behavior that leads to consumption

what is drug tolerance?

the diminished effects of drugs occurring after repeated exposure and larger doses

what are reinforcement schedules

how often and under what circumstance does the animal receive the reinforcer

what is the breaking point?

when behavioral demand exceeds reinforcement value

what is behavioral tolerance?

conditioning produces compensatory changes to the initial effects of the drug

what is withdrawal?

the negative physical and/or psychological symptoms that occur when chronic drug use is abruptly stopped

• the body is readjusting to the absence of the drug

what is dependence?

a physiological state wherein drug discontinuation leads to an unpleasant drug-specific "withdrawal syndrome" and therefore makes someone feel like they must continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms

are withdrawal symptoms the same for every drug?

no, they are drug specific and depend on a variety of factors including individual differences and extent/frequency of drug use

What is sensitization?

when some effects of a drug become more pronounced with repeated administration

what is cross-sensitization?

the use of one drug produces sensitization in the response to another drug

what did a chronic low dose/high dose of psychomotor stimulants do?

low: increased locomotor activity, rearing, rotation, and cage climbing

high: increased stereotyped/repetitive behaviors, akin to "punting" in humans

what is drug antagonism?

one drug diminishes the effect of another drug

what is the additive effect?

one drug increases the effect of another drug

what is potentiation/synergism?