gch module 5

medicine

the practice of preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families

Public health

encompasses the actions taken at the population level to promote health and prevent illnesses, injuries, and early deaths

Global charter for the Publics health

which was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partner associations in 2016, identifies protection, prevention, and promotion as the three core public health services and governance, advocacy, capacity, and information as the four core public health functions

Ottawa Charter

for health promotion is an international agreement sponsored by the WHO and approved at a conference in Canada in 1986 that identifies healthy public policies, supportive environments, strong communities, skilled personnel, and expanded access to preventative health services as core health promotion actions

financing

is the provision of money for an activity and the management of that investment

Health system

includes all the people, facilities, products, resources, and organizational structures that deliver health services to a population

Universal health coverage (UHC)

is a population-level status achieved when everyone in a country has access to high-quality health services (including preventative care, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation) and everyone is protected from major health-associated shocks via tax-based financing system or a health insurance plan

Out-of-pocket payments

are cash disbursements made by patients and their families in order to receive health services

insurance

is a risk management strategy that protects purchasers against major financial losses

pooled risk

assumes that if many low risk people and a few high risk people pay premiums to an insurance system over many years, there will be a pot of money that can be used to pay for major illnesses and injuries when they occur

premium

a monthly paid fee for health insurance

deductible

is the amount that an insured person must spend out of pocket on medical care each year, in addition to premiums, before the insurance company begins paying for health services

copay

is usually a fixed fee that is paid when receiving routine medical services, such as a fee of $50 for each clinic visit or $25 for each prescription for a generic medication

co-insurance

is a percentage of the costs of healthcare services that an insured patient must pay for out of pocket, such as 20% of the total cost

medicare

is the federal health funding system in the United States that provides coverage for people who are 65 years and older as well as some younger people with serious permanent disabilities; not tied to income

medicaid

is a federal program that provides funding to states to support state-sponsored health coverage for very low-income citizens

official development assistance (ODA)

is money given by the government of a high-income country to the government of a low-income country to support socioeconomic development

Development Assistance for health (DAH)

sometimes called donor aid of health, is external funding designated for health activities in low-or-middle income countries

Foreign direct investment

is a business investment made by a corporation or an individual in another country

Remittances

are funds transferred by international workers to family members in their home communities

Foundation

is a charitable trust that gives grants to other nonprofit organizations

endowment

is a large donation made to a nonprofit organization so that the funds can be invested and the interest from the investments can be used to support the operation of the charity

Bil & Melinda Gates Foundation

is the largest private foundation in the world. The Gates Foundation has more than $40 billion in assets

corporate social responsibility (CSR)

plan spells out the positive social and environmental actions a company voluntarily supports. For example, a company may choose to build its facilities with sustainable materials and implement a recycling program even when these actions are not legally required, or it may sponsor local charities that are important to employees

child sponsorship

a charitable donation model in which a donor selects a child to sponsor and then receives regular updates about that child (often including an annual photograph and a thank-you letter written by the child) in exchange for continued monthly contributions to the host organization

strategy

is a big-picture plan for how to achieve a major goal

action plan

describes all of the steps that will be taken to achieve strategic goals and implement approved policies

scheme

is an operationalized plan that spells out the desired outcomes and completion timelines for an action plan

project

is a series of coordinated tasks that are completed within a limited time period in order to achieve a specific target

program

is a portfolio of related projects that together achieve part of an action plan

deliverable

is a product, service, or other result of a project that fulfills the terms of a contract or other agreement

project management

is the process of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and closing out projects.

relieft

is aid that meets the immediate needs of people who might otherwise not have access to water, food, shelter, emergency medical care, and other urgent necessities after major natural disasters and during wars and other types of humanitarian crises

development

is a long-term process of improving the socioeconomic and environmental conditions that are associated with suboptimal population health status

community development

process in which community members identify their own priorities and take action to achieve them with the support of partner organizations

horizontal program

strengthens an existing health system so that it can deliver additional health services

vertical program

delivers disease-specific services that are not fully integrated into the health system

policy

is a set of principles and procedures established by governments or other groups to guide decision-making and resource allocation

public policy

is the process by which laws, regulations, policies, and government-sponsored programs are developed implemented, enforced, funded, administered, and evaluated

multisectoral

when it is created and advanced by representatives and resources from governments (the “public sector”), and nonprofit groups (sometimes called the “civic sector” or the civil society or voluntary sector)

advocacy

the process of increasing awareness of a selected cause in order to influence policies related to that issue

social media

are electronic communication tools that allow users to generate and share content, and they are often used to rally public support for legislative resolutions prior to votes on them

logistics

the process of coordinating complex operations, especially the movement of supplies and equipment

foreign policy

describes the strategies and approaches a country uses to engage with other nations and protect its own interests as they pertain to security, trade, and other critical functions 3D’s of foreign policy

Diplomacy

is the process of negotiating agreements between countries, resolving disputes peacefully, and navigating other aspects of international relations

health diplomacy

uses health projects as part of meeting foreign policy goals

international cooperation

and it includes financial assistance, technical support, capacity building, and other actions implemented by a donor country in a recipient partner country as a part of foreign policy strategy

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

is the lead international cooperation agency in the united states; is a major channels for U.S government funds allocated to global health activities, and it also operates global health problems, partners with other groups to implement global health activities, engages in global health diplomacy, supports research and development, and provides technical assistance related to global health

United Nations

is the worlds largest intergovernmental organization; the goal is to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, and to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character

UNDP

UN development programme; focuses on poverty reduction

UNEP

UN environment programme; promotes health ecosystems and sustainable use of natural resources

UNFPA

UN population fund formerly UN fund of population activities; supports reproductive health programs

UNICEF

the UN childrens fund; advocates for childrens rights and provide humanitarian assistance for children as part of its commitment to end preventable deaths in children, newborns, and their mothers and promote the healthy development of all children from birth through adulthood

World Food Programme (WFP)

which aims to eliminate hunger and malnutrition associated with natural disasters and armed conflict

FAO

food and agriculture organiztion of the UN, is the UN’s lead agency for improving nutrition and agricultural productivity

World health organization (WHO)

is a specialized agency of the UN that was launched in 1948 and serves as the UN’s primary health agency

World organization for Animal Health (OIE)

is an intergovernmental group that helps to control the spread of zoonotic infectious diseases and promote food safety

bilateral aid

is money given directly from the government of one country to the government of another country to support development activities

multilateral aid

is funding for development activities that is pooled from many donor countries

loan

borrowed money that must be repaid with interest

grant

is a gift of money that does not have to be repaid

World Bank

is a multilateral investment bank that offers loans to developing countries

International Monetary fund (IMF)

is a multilateral organization that provides a structure for international monetary policy and currency exchanges and makes loans to countries of any income level that have a balance of payment need and would otherwise not be able to make payments on their other international loans

public-private partnership (PPP)

is a long-term collaboration in which the costs, risks, and benefits, are shared by governmental and nongovernmental entities

stakeholder

is a person who has an interest in the success or failure of a group and can influence or be affected by that groups decisions or actions

social marketing

is the use of advertising strategies to change behaviors in targeted populations

Global fund

more formally known as the global fund to fight aids, tuberculosis, and malaria- was founded in 2002 to support infectious disease control initiatives in LMICs

Gavi

the vaccine alliance was launched in 2000 and works with lower-income countries to identify vaccine priorities and then procure and distribute the vaccines

CEPI

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, was established in 2016 to coordinate development of new vaccines that protect against emerging infectious diseases and to ensure that those products are available to everyone

ministry of health

the lead governmental health agency in a country

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

the lead health protection agency in the United States; one of the many roles of the CDC is responding to outbreaks and other public health emergencies

nonprofit organization

is a mission-driven group that reinvests surplus revenue in the organization rather than distributing extra income to owners or shareholders

nongovernmental organization (NGO)

sometimes called a private voluntary organization, is a nonprofit organization that is privately managed and receives at least some of its funding from private sources

National institutes of health

is the lead health research agency within the U.S department of health and human services

international NGO

is a large NGO with a diverse portfolio of projects that are implemented in numerous countries

faith-based organizations

is an NGO sponsored by a religious or religiously affiliated entity

appropriate technology

is affordable and environmentally sustainable technology that can be locally operated and maintained

supply chain management

the process of coordinating all the steps from selecting and procuring products through the logistics of transporting, storing, and delivering them

research

the process of systematically investigating a topic in order to discover new insights about the world

quantitative research

is a research approach that uses structured, hypothesis-driven approaches to gather data that can be statistically analyzed

qualitative research

is a research approach that uses in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant-observation, and other unstructured or semistructured methods to explore attitudes and perceptions, identify themes and patterns, and formulate new theories

monitoring

is a process of ongoing assessment of a project or program to track progess toward achieving predefined targets

evaluation

is an assessment of how well a project, program, or policy has met its goals

M&E

monitoring and evaluation is the systematic collection of information about an ongoing intervention and the determination of whether the intervention achieved its objectives

effectiveness

is a measure of the success of an intervention under real-world conditions

efficacy

measures success in ideal, laboratory-controlled conditions

efficiency

is an evaluation of the cost effectiveness of an intervention that is based on both its effectiveness of an intervention and resource considerations

cost-effective analysis (CEA)

is an economic analysis that compares the health gains from an intervention to the financial costs of that intervention

UNAIDS

the joint UN programme on HIV/AIDS is an entity co-sponsored by 10 UN system agencies to advance HIV/AIDS prevention and control