Imperial Image- Augustan poets

Horace- Toast to Actium 30 Bc

- written immediately after the events of Actium

- Antony 'sadly' arms himself 'for a woman's sake', the shame Antony should feel, pudor

- challanges the masculinity and strength of the egyptians for having a queen, deemd 'eunuchs'

- emphasis on the celebration of destroying the Egyptians, 'Caecuban wine' 'shall i delight you with Caesar's triumph'

Horace- Augustus Returns 24 Bc

- Augustus home from campaigns in Spain

- 'like Hercules', a demi-divine heroic presence

- praises Livia and Octavia as paragons of virtue, maintained Rome while he was away, maintained religious rituals , imperial family as model, pietas, key roman virtues

- 'I'll not fear civil war while caesar has command of the earth'

Horace- Moral Decadence 23 Bc

- blames the cause of Rome's civil wars to religious abandonment 'tumbling temples', Augustus builds/ restores over 80 temples in Rome to mitigate

- 'all things begin with them' centrality of the Gods within Rome

- shames women who are promiscous, praises univira, contrasts image of a woman being pimped by her husband

- foreground the leges Iuliae, contemporary concerns with Rome's morality

Horace- Cleopatra 23 Bc

- exoticised yet diminishing view of the egyptians, likens Rome to a 'hawk' and egypt to a 'dove', 'swift hunter' to a 'hare', rome as dominant

- likens egyptians to 'deeply corrupted creatures'

- praises her for her lack of 'womanish fear', she shows courage and honour which the Roman's respect

Propertius, Woman's power, 3.11, 23 Bc

The threat Actium poses, the power of Cleopatra and the Egyptians, yet invective

- sympathises with Antony, as he was

'enslaved under her rule'

mentions other heroes who fell to women eg. hercules which legitimises Antony

'bright beauty conquered the conquering hero'

-criticisms of Cleopatra

'that *****'- roman xenophobia

'yapping Anubis'- insults their religion

- Egypt as a threat, metanym of the '7 hills' of Rome, 'fearful of her threats'

-Augustus as a protecter, doesn't fall to any woman.. potential criticism? inhuman?

'with Caesar alive Rome scarecly need fear Jove'

Propertius, War and Peace 3.4 20 BC

- shows Rome's military success, inevitability in Rome's triumph

'prows expert in battle'

yet this may be a critique, is they are expert then they are well practised, frequency of wars

- The benefits of war to rome, profitability,

'Men, the rewards are great: far lands prepare triumphs'

-Rome as dominant over Parthia

'that province will come', the idea of the return of the standards in the Parthian campaign Andrew Wallace Hadrill

Propertius, Chaste and Faithful Galla, 3.12, 20 Bc

- criticising Postumus for leaving his wife Galla to campaign in Parthia

'how could you'- direct address

- critique of Rome using war to profit, expansion of the empire for profit despite the danger and consequences of war

' may all you greedy ones perish equally'

'some bit of you.. in an urn'

- praises Galla for her loyalty, he is undeserving

'pine away at each idle rumour'

'prefer his weapon to a faithful bride'

-links to Penelope, link to Odysseus, her loyalty to him despite 10 years of suitors, Dido to her first husband in B4, her hesitation, benefits of a univira

- war message in a society which is meant to be at peace

Horace- Carmen Saeculare commisioned 17 Bc

performed in the Temple to Apollo in the Palatine, -directly addresses 'Phoebus' 'Diana' the fact they are 'both worshipped forever'- moral regeneration

- Apollo as 'born again' through his new temple, contrast to moral decadence

- 'never know anything mightier than Rome'- imperial theme

- the 'senates decrees', ideal of republicanism and democracy regarding the Leges Iuliae, also shows cooperation with RG

- 'bring back the games' in relation to the Saecular games, he is a restorer not a creator

- describes 'fruitful in crops and cattle', links to imagery on the Ara Pacis and Hesiods 'Golden Age'

- 'reference to pious Aeneas', Roman heritage and mythology and synonymous with religion

- attributes which make a Roman, mercy, faith, honour, modesty

Propertius, Temple to Pallatine Apollo, 4.6, 16 Bc

- Actium and the egyptians were never a threat to Rome, the Gods and their loyalty to Rome

- calls upon 'muse' 'Calliope', like an epic poem, appeasing the Gods, the scale of the action

- 'doomed by Trojan Quirinus', refers to Augustus, his legitimacy, links to Romulus

- Legitimised by favaour of the gods

'by Jupiter's favour'

'Apollo... stood over Augustus' stern'

'my quiver favours you'

- reference to deified Caesar, legitmises Augustus again

' comet.. shows evidence of my race'

- Cleopatra as 'the woman', no further detail

- celebration of peace, the gods pour wine

'the dance of peace'

- writen after the Saecular games in 17 Bc

Horace 4.4 Drusus and the Claudians 13BC

Written at the time of the Frontier policy, push into germany, Germanic land and expansionism, some legions captured by the Gauls (Varus) (Seutonius)

'winged agent of the bright lightening bolt'- an agent chosen by Jupiter to save the Roman's, legitimacy

'love of spoils and the fight' potential criticism, profit from War, rash?

'lion-cub', youthful and inexperience, yet predatory instinct

Warn Augustus of aggressive and expansionist policy in Germany

'triumphant everywhere'- the inevitability of Rome's triumph over other territory flatters Augustus,

'fortunate household'- lineage leading to success, flatters, his relatives inherit his virtue

'by the brave and good are the brave created'- ancestry, value

'ferocious eagles don't produce shy doves'

'Their race, strong still despite the burning of troy'

'There's nothing that Claudian power can't achieve'

Horace- To Augustus 13 Bc

-emphasis on the idea of Hesiod's Golden Age

- 'restored rich crops'

- 'freed at last from all war' 'closed the gates of Janus' Temple'

- 'with Caesar protecting the state', Augustus as synonymous with peace, Pax Augusta

Andrew- Wallace Hadrill on the poets

'Augustus deliberatly used his finanical patronage'.. 'to promote a positive image'

'the poets do not sing to the same tune.. not didacted from above'

Seutonius- 41 Bc on the expansion of the Republic

(link to Augustus)

'Thus the peace for which they had longed in time of adversity, after they had gained it proved to be more cruel and bitter than adversity itself. For the nobles began to abuse their position and the people their liberty, and every man for himself robbed, pillaged, and plundered.'