Public Health Module 4 Exam

non-communicable disease (NCD)

not passed from person-to-person

also known as chronic disease

long duration and slow progress

-diseases of “old age”

-cause morbidity, disability, and premature mortality

collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide

limited curability (management)

complex etiology

etiology of NCD

generally no specific etiological agent

-combination of multiple risk factors

-genetic predisposition

-lifestyle

multiple risk factors

-non-modifiable risk factors: age, gender, race, genetics

-modifiable risk factors: physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol use

cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory

4 non-communicable diseases

undernutrition

results in disease

children especially susceptible

lower immunity→ increase infectious disease

overnutrition

results in disease

possible toxicities with some vitamins (especially fat soluble)

excess calories can promote obesity

obesity

excess of body fat (adipose tissue)

defined by BMI or other measures

-weight in kg / (height in meters)²

adjust according to muscle mass (ex. athletes) or bone density (ex. elderly)

other measures include: waist circumference, waist-to-hip circumference ratio, skin fold thickness, imaging techniques

causes of obesity

imbalance of energy input vs energy output

excess energy converted to adipose tissue

complex mix of behavioral and biological factors

interventions of obesity

lifestyle modifications

-reducing caloric intake

-increasing physical activity

medications

-fat absorption inhibitors

-appetite suppressants

-GLP-1 receptor agonists

surgery

-several procedures to reduce stomach capacity

mechanical stress, metabolic syndrome, and hormonal imbalances

pathological consequences of obesity

mechanical stress

sleep apnea

osteoarthritis

breathing difficulties

back pain

metabolic syndrome

high blood glucose

high blood pressure

dyslipidemia

hormonal imbalances

low grade inflammation

some cancers

reproductive disorders

mood disorders