Spanish Linguistics, Textual Typology, and Tectonic Boundary Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering language functions, textual cohesion mechanisms (lexical-semantic and grammatical), textual typologies (narrative, descriptive, dialogued, expository, argumentative), argument types, and tectonic plate boundary concepts.

Phatic Function (Función fática o de contacto)

The communicative function that establishes, maintains, or checks contact between speakers, expects a response, and uses greetings, opening formulas, and set phrases.

Metalinguistic Function (Función metalingüística)

The function of using language to discuss, explain, or describe the language code itself, commonly found in dictionaries, grammars, and manuals using third-person declarative structures.

Poetic Function (Función poética o estética)

The function aimed at entertaining and using language in a beautiful or artistic form, characteristic of poems, novels, literary texts, connotative vocabulary, and literary figures.

Textual Cohesion (Cohesión)

The textual property in which linguistic elements are connected and related to each other, allowing the text to achieve unified and complete meaning.

Total Repetition (Repetición total)

A lexical-semantic cohesion mechanism involving the recurrence of the exact same word or its inflected forms (e.g., 'reciclamos', 'reciclan').

Partial Repetition (Repetición parcial)

A cohesion device consisting of repeating different words that share the same lexical root or family (e.g., 'reciclar', 'reciclaje').

Total Synonymy (Sinonimia total)

A lexical substitution in which two words share the exact same meaning across all contexts (e.g., 'contaminación', 'polución').

Partial Synonymy (Sinonimia parcial)

A lexical substitution in which words of the same grammatical category share identical meaning only in specific contexts (e.g., 'países ricos', 'países poderosos').

Referential Synonymy (Sinonimia referencial)

A substitution where two expressions do not share literal semantic meaning but point to the exact same referent in a given context (e.g., 'EEUU', 'potencia mundial').

Gradual Antonymy (Antonimia gradual)

A semantic opposition that does not represent an absolute binary, establishing intermediate gradations along a scale (e.g., 'frío' and 'caliente').

Reciprocal Antonymy (Antonimia recíproca)

A semantic opposition where the existence of one term inherently requires the existence of the other (e.g., importing and exporting).

Complementary Antonymy (Antonimia complementaria)

A strict opposition of meaning in which the affirmation of one term constitutes the direct negation of the other (e.g., 'natural' is 'no artificial').

Hypernymy and Hyponymy (Hiperonimia - Hiponimia)

A hierarchical semantic relation where the broader meaning of a general word (hypernym) encompasses the meaning of specific subordinate words (hyponyms), such as 'material' encompassing 'wood' and 'paper'.

Semantic Field (Campo semántico)

A set of words that belong to the same grammatical category and share a common component of meaning.

Conceptual or Associative Field (Campo conceptual o asociativo)

A grouping of words related to a common topic or referent without necessarily sharing the same grammatical category or domain (e.g., 'limpiar', 'futuro', 'naturaleza' within the environmental domain).

Textual Deixis (Deixis textual)

A grammatical cohesion mechanism in which linguistic items (such as pronouns and adverbs) take their specific meaning from another element present within the text.

Anaphora (Anáfora)

A grammatical reference where a pronoun or adverb points back to an element mentioned previously in the text.

Cataphora (Catáfora)

A grammatical reference where a pronoun or adverb anticipates an element that appears later in the text.

Textual Connectors (Conectores)

Grammatical elements that organize or link parts of a text, including structuring organizers (initial, continuity, distribution, chronological, closing) and logical connectors (addition, opposition, consequence).

Discourse Markers (Marcadores discursivos)

Linguistic expressions that reveal the speaker's communicative intent, including markers of topic introduction, reformulation, exemplification, synthesis, opinion, and certainty or doubt.

Narrative Text (Texto narrativo)

A textual modality that relates events involving characters across time and space, typically structured into an introduction (planteamiento), a destabilizing conflict (nudo), and a resolution or open ending (desenlace).

Descriptive Text (Texto descriptivo)

A textual modality that presents parts, features, or properties of entities or realities, categorizable into objective, subjective, or interpretive descriptions.

Dialogued Text (Texto dialogado)

A textual modality that reproduces a communicative exchange between two or more interlocutors, composed of phatic interventions and transactional content-sharing exchanges.

Expository Text (Texto expositivo)

A textual modality providing objective explanations of complex topics to make them comprehensible to recipients, subdivided into divulgative and specialized types.

Argumentative Text (Texto argumentativo)

A textual modality aimed at convincing the recipient of the validity of an opinion through reasons, structured into an introduction, thesis formulation, argumentative body, and conclusion.

Argument from Authority (Argumento de autoridad)

A type of argument based on citing the expert opinion of recognized specialists in a field to validate a claim.

Factual Argument (Argumento de hecho)

A type of argument grounded in verifiable facts, empirical evidence, or proven data.

Constructive Plate Boundaries (Límites constructivos)

Divergent tectonic boundaries where plates separate, causing the asthenosphere to ascend and produce basic magmas that create rifts and generate new oceanic lithosphere.

Transform Plate Boundaries (Bordes de transformación)

Plate boundaries where tectonic plates slide laterally past each other without separation or convergence, producing shallow earthquakes while neither creating nor destroying lithosphere.