AP WORLD UNIT 2

Congress of Vienna

meeting of european poewrs that reoragnized europe after napeleons defeat

• Priorities: restoration, legitmacy, balence of power

• prussia gained some french territory, austria gained italian provinces, netherlands acquired belgium

quadruple alliance

alliance of britian, austria, russia, prussia to crush revolutions

1. rulers encouraged to resist change

2. censorship

3. liberal reforms were arrested

4. reactionary and conservative

revolutions of 1830

liberalist+nationalist uprising across Europe challenging the conservative order created after Napoleon

A) France

1. louis xvii protected many of the rights of the 1789 revolution

2. 1824- his brother charles x tried to return to absolute rule

3. 1830- paris revolt- workers and students force charles to england

4. Louis Phillipe- named new ruler of France

B) other revolts in belgium, poland, and italy

C) Most fail to gain mass support but ideas would find success 50 years later

restoration

monarchs returned to france spain italy

legitmacy

new monarchs from old regimes returning

balance of power

france was made weaker+ neighbors made stronger

Louis Napoleon

nephew of napoleon bonaparte

1st president of france

later became emperor napoleon iii

pre revolutionary haiti

1. profitable sugar plantations

2. white slave owners with large populations

3. “free people of color”

4. slaves

causes of haiti revolution

A) france

1. 1791- slavery abolished in france

2. 1794- slavery abolished in french colonies

B) Haitian Civil War

1. slaves wanted to end slavery

2. white demanded independence from France

3. free blacks demanded equal rights but not abolition

haiti civi war

1. slaves wanted slavery to end

2. white demanded independence from france

3. free blacks demanded equal rights but not abolition

haitian revolution

A) Independence

1. led by Toussaint L’Oyverte

2. French Kicked out by 1798

B) Napoleon

1. 1802: wanted to retake island, restore slavery

2. Louverte caputred + died in french prison

3. Napoleon forces surrenders

C) 1804- Haiti wins independence

Aftermath of Haiti Rev

A) sugarcane fields became battle fields → loss of income

B) most plantations were divided into small peasant plots → subistence agriculture over cash crops

C) Rapid deforestations as peasants cleared more land for farming

D) U.S. refused to recognize Haiti independence → feared own slave revolt

E) Haiti forced france 150 mil frances in exchange for recongnizing independence

Clases in Latin America

1. pennisulares

2. creoles

3. mesitzos

4. native americans

5. african slaves

pennisulares

1. colonists born in spain

2. served top gov positions

creoles

1. colonists born in latin america

2. privleged class

3. remained below pennisulares

4. even wealthiest creoles remained 2nd class

mestizos

colonists with native american and spanish parents

one of the lowest classes

majority of latin american population

native americans

native american slavery was illegal but they were still forced into immense mannual labor

many were forced to convert to Christianity

african slaves

slaves were property of their masters

unlike the us slaves in latin america could buy their freedom

Causes of latin american revolutions

1. Internal: class conflict, European educated leaders

2. External: american rev, french rev, napeleons invasion of portugal and spain

Mexican Rev

1. Initiated by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo (creole) and Jose Morelos (mestizo)

2. Creoles eventually worked with lower classes because they feared a “revolution from below.”

3. Independence in 1821

Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Morelos

led mexican revolution

South American Revolution

1. Led by creoles Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin

2. Bolivar (“El Libertador”) frees Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru

3. San Martin liberates Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Peru

Brazil Rev

1. Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil following Napoleon’s invasion

2. King returns to Portugal, but son Pedro stays

3. 1822- Pedro declares himself Emperor

4. Pedro creates constitution, freedom, elections

5. “Revolution from above”

Failed Latin American Rev

A. Continued Class Conflict

1. Peninsulares removed, but creoles become new conservatives.

2. Constitutions restricted vote to propertied class.

3. Liberals were from lower classes, and mostly powerless.

B. The Church

1. Owned land, controlled education and charity

2. Redistribution of Church land failed

3. Church was too conservative and powerful

C. Gran Colombia

1. Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador united under one government.

2. Simon Bolivar dreamed of uniting all the nations of South America.

Pre condition 1: agriculture

Crop Rotation (Charles Townshend- 1730’s)

1. Alternating crops prevents soil from wearing out (nitrogen cycle)

2. Clover and turnips led to growth of livestock business

3. Turnips could be stored in winter

B. Agricultural Revolution freed rural workers to move to the cities

C. Enclosure Movement

1. Wealthy landowners began fencing off public land (commons)

2. Small farmers/ herders forced into unemployment

Enclosure Movement

1. Wealthy landowners began fencing off public land (commons)

2. Small farmers/ herders forced into unemployment

Pre-Condition #2: Geography

A. Britain had many natural harbors and canals (water transport cheaper than land transport)

B. Britain was rich in coal and iron ore.

Pre-Condition #3: Government

A. Government protected businesses and helped them expand

B. Large merchant fleet and a navy to protect it

C. Colonies provided raw materials and markets

D. Protection of patents

Spinning jenny

Textile machine that allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once

Water frame

Richard Arkwright's water-powered machine for spinning strong cotton thread

Steam engine

Machine that converts steam power into mechanical energy and became a major power source for industry and transportation.

James Watt

Scottish inventor who greatly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

Pre-Condition #4: Economics

A. Growing population increased demand

B. Colonial expansion increased national wealth

C. Growing class of entrepreneurs ready to invest in factories and experimentation

Factory act

Banned employment of any child under 9 years old.

Limited workday for children under 13 to nine hours

Limited workday for children 13 to 18 to twelve hour

reform Bill of 1867

Granted right to vote to all males in Great Britain

Eliminated all property or wealth requirements for voting

Education act of 1870

Gave individual towns the authority to establish public elementary schools

This law gave many working class parents the opportunity to send their children to school for the first time

Luddism

A. Anti-technology movement

B. Destroyed factory machines

C. Raised an “army”

D. Threat ended by British army around 1817

Utopian Socialism

A. Charles Fourier (France) developed the phalanx.

1. Each community had about 1,600 workers

2. Each worker did the job for which they were best suited.

3. No one worked for more than two hours at a time.

Charles Fourier

developed the phalanx

Robert Owen

1. Provided his workers high wages, schools, homes and stores.

2. Proved it was possible to treat workers better

3. Opened a second community in New Harmony, IN (failed).

Great Reform Act of 1832

1. Gave new industrial cities representation in House of Commons.

2. Extended vote to more adult males

3. Property requirement remained

Reform Bill of 1867

1. Extended vote to working-class men

2. Voting population doubled

Education Act of 1870

allowed for the creation of local public schools

Ballot Act of 1872

secret ballot established

Reform Bill of 1884

extended vote to rural workers

Representation of the People Act

gave limited voting rights for women (full rights in 1928)

Laissez Faire Capitalism

A. Introduced by Adam Smith in “The Wealth of Nations” (1776)

B. “Laissez-faire” is when businesses are left to run themselves

1. Government regulation is minimized

2. Free trade is encouraged

3. The marketplace makes the rules (also called “free market economy”)

C. “Laissez-faire” motivated the entrepreneurs of the Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith

wrote wealth of nations introduced laissez faire

Govs role in laissez faire

A. To protect society from violence and invasion

B. To protect citizens from injustice or oppression

C. To erect and maintain public works and public institutions

Thomas Thalamus

A. Wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798)

B. Population will always outgrow resources

1. This problem cannot be solved without changing natural order (“preventive check”)

2. Population is reduced through famine, disease and war (“positive checks”)

3. Poor are the cause of their own poverty

C. Malthus was proven wrong (we didn’t all die)

Socialism

philosophy that called for public ownership of the means of production (factories)

• 3 variesties: utopian, electoral, communism

utopian socialism

creation of a perfect society

electoral socialism

formation of political parties that promoted industrial reforms

Communism

developed by Karl Marx

• marx viewed history as the story of “class struggle”:

  • saw society as two groups:
    1. The haves: bourgeoise (middle class)
    2. the have nots: proletariat (working class)

• class with the most economic power controls the government

Petroleum

1859- oil drilling begins in PA. gasoline thrown away

oil used for kerosene (heat + light) as a lubricant

1863- standard oil company (John D. Rockefeller)

Steel

1850- Bessemer Process (england): removed carbon from iron efficently

Steel for railroad tracks from machines, bridges, and the frame of skyscrapers

1892- Carnegie Steel Company (largest producer in the U.S.)