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These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, essential for understanding the process and its regulation.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis.

Aldolase

An enzyme that cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).

PFK-1

Phosphofructokinase-1; a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, catalyzing the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form); an energy carrier produced during glycolysis.

Energy Investment Phase

The first phase of glycolysis where ATP is consumed to phosphorylate glucose.

Energy Payoff Phase

The second phase of glycolysis where ATP and NADH are produced.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Pyruvate carboxylase

An enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A type of ATP synthesis that occurs during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle without involving the electron transport chain.

Irreversible steps of Glycolysis

Steps in glycolysis that cannot be reversed; include hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase.

Malate shuttle

A mechanism that transports oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytosol in the form of malate.

Glycogen

A stored form of glucose that can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate to enter glycolysis.

Fates of Pyruvate

The different metabolic pathways pyruvate can enter: conversion to acetyl-CoA, lactate, oxaloacetate, or alanine.