Biology Unit 2 Cells and stuff

Cell Theory

1) All organisms are made out of atleast 1 cell
2) Cells are smallest unit of life
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells

DNA

Genetic material of cells (Found wrapped in Chromatins in Nucleus)

Cytoplasm

Fluid matrix space within the cell

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid Bilayer (Amphipathic)

Binary Fission

A type of Bacterial Asexual reproduction

Blue Colored bacteria

Gram Positive

Red colored Bacteria

Gram negative

Pili

Small Strands outside cell to interact with enviorment

Prokaryotic

No membrane bound organelles (Ex: Bacteria)

Eukaryotic

Has membrane bound organelles such as Nucleus

Plasmid

Small bundle of DNA outside of the Nucleoid in Prokaryotic

Nucleoid

The bundle of DNA within a Prokaryotic cell that contains Genophores

Genophores

Long Continuous strand of DNA found in Prokaryotic cells

Flagella

Long tentacle found in certain cells that aids in locomotive movement

Slime Capsule

Made out of Glycocalyx, forms the first layer in the cell membrane, found only in Prokaryotic Cells.

Cell Wall

The 2nd layer of Prokaryotic cells, Also commonly found in Plant cells

Ribosomes

Are in all cells, its function is to make protein through protein synthesis (Using Ribosomal RNA)

Endosymbiotic Theory

Prokaryotic Cells become Eukaryotic Cells by consuming but not digesting another smaller cell, which leads to the creation of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria as well as compartmentalisation.

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibres that anchor organelles and cells

Cytoskeleton → Microfilaments

Allows muscle contraction

Cytoskeleton → Intermediate Filaments

Anchor Organelles

Cytoskeleton → Microtubles

Defines Shape of cell and provides “guiding tracks” to transport proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A folded Continuous membrane-bound network of sacs and tubules only found in eukaryotic cells that transport and produces molecules

Endoplasmic Reticulum → Rough

Has Ribosomes around them, to produce Proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum → Smooth

Functions as breakdown of toxins and produces hormones as well as phospholipids and Cholesterol

Evidence for Endosymbiosis theory

• Smaller cells are Similar size to bacteria

• They use binary fission to divide

• Have their own DNA

• presence of two membranes

• Inner membranes similar to Prokaryote structure

• Prokaryotic RNA in mitochondrial Ribosomes

• Antibodies reduce protein production in mitochondria and cholorplasts

Cell differentiation

Happens through Unspecialized Stem cells through selective gene expression (Turning some parts of DNA on or off)

Compartmentalization

Division of cells internal space into seperated regions to serve different functions → Creates Organelles

Golgi Apparatus

Make out of folded Cisternae pouches, located near rough ER (Cis Side), modifies proteins and transports them to the ER (through Trans side)

Vesicles

Small membrane bound sacs that store, transport and recycle materials (in Eukaryotic cells)

Lysosomes

Digests and recycle toxic waste

Endocytosis

Breakdown of Material in cells

Mitochondria

you know what it is

Rod shaped

has a matrix inside with double intermembrane space

with Cristae for higher surface area to catalyze and make ATP.

Nucleus

DNA is bounded in the membrane in Eukaryotic Cells, Double membrane (Nuclear Envelop)

Nucleolus

Responsible for the Creation of Ribosomes

Chromosomes

DNA is wound into Chromosomes (Chromatin when no in Mitosis)

Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells have structures with Chlorophyll that absorb light

granna

Found in Chloroplasts, stacked like Coins

Thylakoids

Found in Chloroplasts, Flatten membrane stacks with Chlorophyll to Absorb light

Stroma

Essentially the cytoplasm which has enzymes

Vacuoles

Storage organelles found in Cytoplasm of plants (Stores food and water) also acts as structure

Centrosomes

In animal cells for structural support (Centrioles), not in plant cells

All uni and multicellular organisms do:

• Metabolism

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Response to stimuli

• Homeostasis

• Nutrition

• Excretion

• Movement

Plant cells

Have Cellulose, No cilla, or Flagella

Fungal Cells

Made out of Chitin, May have Flagella, no nasal bodies, no centrioles

Animal Cells

No cell wall, May have flagella, has centrosomes

Hyphae

Digest material in environment by secreting enzymes

Magification

Increase image size

Resolution

For detail

Equation for Magnification

M = I/A (can be transformed)

M = Magnification of image

I = Image size

A = Actual size