Endocrine Physio

Major glands

Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Gonads

Doubles the stimulus

Positive Feedback

Opposite of the stimulus; 80 to 90% of happens in the body

Negative Feedback

Glands with DIRECT relationship with Pituitary gland

Thyroid, Adrenal Cortex, Gonads

Glands with INDIRECT relationship with Pituitary gland

Pancreas, Adrenal Medulla, Parathyroid

Other name for anterior pituitary gland

Adenohypophysis

Other name for posterior pituitary gland

Neurohypophysis

Overall growth of ALL the cells and tissues in the body

Growth Hormone (GH)

Ovulation; synthesis of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

Luteneizing Hormone (LH)

Sperm maturation and follicle growth

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Synthesis of androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone

Adenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)

Breast development, milk production

Prolactin

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Increase water reabsorption

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Breast - milk ejection

Uterus - uterine muscle contraction during labor

Oxytocin

Classic example of positive feedback

Oxytocin for uterine muscle contraction during labor

Decrease secretion of MOST if NOT all pituitary gland

Panhypopituitarism

Decrease secretion of GH

Hypopituitarism / Dwarfism

Increase secretion of GH

childhood; BEFORE puberty

Gigantism

Increase secretion of GH

adulthood; AFTER puberty

Acromegaly

Increase ADH secretion

Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Decrease ADH secretion

Diabetes Insipidus

Problem in hypothalamus; Unable to produce enough gonads (LH and FSH)

Hypogonadism

2 major thyroid gland

T3 - Triidothyronine

T4 - Thyroxine

‘Other’ thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Function of T3 and T4

Increase metabolic activity in the body

Decrease in T3, T4, and Iodine

Hashimoto Disease

Increase in T3, T4, and Iodine

Grave’s Disease / Toxic Multinodular Goiter

Classic signs of Grave’s Disease

Exopthalmos and Goiter

Findings of Hashimoto Disease (SO TIRED)

Sluggish, Obese, Tired, Intolerance to cOld, Raised BP, Edema (Myxedema), Depression (any psychological condition)

Findings of Grave’s Disease (SWEATING)

Sweating, Weaight loss, Exopthalmos, Anxiety, Tachycardia, Intolerance to heat, Nervousness, Goiter

Layers of Adrenal Cortex

Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis

Hormone class of Glomerulosa

Mineralcorticoid

Hormone class of Fasciculata

Glucocorticoid

Hormone class of Reticulata

Androgens

Hormone from Glomerulosa

Aldosterone

Hormone from Fasciculata

Cortisol

Hormone from Reticulata

Androgens

Layer of Adrenal Medulla

Chromaffin cells

Hormone class of Chromaffin cells

Catecholamines

Hormone from Chromaffin cells

Adrenaline/ Epinephrine and Noradrenaline/ Norepinephrine

Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex

Cushing’s Syndrome

Hyposecretion of Adrenal Cortex

Addison’s Disease

Hyposecretion of Adrenal Medulla

Pheochromocytoma

Signs of Cushing’s Syndrome (CUSH)

Cushion (Truncal obesity, Buffalo hump, Moon face),

Unusual hair growth (Chirsutism),

Skin Striae,

High BP, energy, and sugar

Signs of Addison’s Disease (ADDISON)

Added tan (Bronze),

Decrease weight,

Decrease BHES (BP, Hair growth, Energy, Sugar)

Increase K

Salt Craving

On Steroids

Na (Decrease)

Produced by alpha cells of Pancreas

Glucagon

Produced by beta cells of Pancreas

Insulin

Produced by delta cells of Pancreas

Somatostatin

Universal inhibitor of glucagon and insulin

Somatostatin (Pancreas)

Insulin dependent

Type 1 DM

Insulin resistant

Type 2 DM

Produced when fats are used as energy

Ketones

Increase in ketones

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Growth and development of male reproductive organ and its secondary sexual characteristics

Testosterone

Growth and development of female reproductive organ and its secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogen

Breast’s secretory apparatus; uterine milk secretion

Progesterone

Hormones produced by placenta

Estrogen, Progesterone, Human Somatomammotropin (HS), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Hormone for fetal development

Human Somatomammotropin (HS)

Hormone for corpus luteum growth

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Hormone produced by stomach

Gastrin

Hydrochloric acid production for fatty food digestion

Gastrin

Hormone produces by thymus

Thymosin

T cell maturation

Thymosin

Hormone produced by adipose

Leptin

Increase thermogenesis (heat), decrease appetite

Leptin

Hormone produced by heart

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Hormone produced by Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone

Increase Ca in blood; Decrease Ca in bone

Parathyroid Hormone

Decrease Ca in blood; Increase Ca in bone

Calctriol

Hormone produced by Pineal gland

Melatonin

Sleep wake cycle; circadian rhythm

Melatonin

Hormone produced by small intestine

Cholecystokinin and Secretin

Pancreatic and liver secretion

Secretin

Hormone produced by kidneys

Erythropoietin, Renin, 1-25 Dihydrocholecalciferol

RBC Production

Erythropoietin

Renin-Angiotensin Activating System

Renin

Ca in guts

1-25 Dihydrocholecalciferol