Latin Grammar Review (OLC Chapters 1 - 5)

Vocabulary practice cards covering verb conjugations, noun and adjective declension rules, interrogatives, prepositions, and case uses from Chapters 1 through 5 of the Oxford Latin Course.

1st Conjugation

A Latin verb conjugation characterized by the thematic vowel -a (e.g., servō, servāre).

2nd Conjugation

A Latin verb conjugation characterized by the thematic vowel -e (e.g., videō, vidēre).

3rd Conjugation

A Latin verb conjugation with no thematic vowel, also called a consonant conjugation (e.g., reddō, reddere).

3rd -iō Conjugation

A consonant conjugation with no thematic vowel (e.g., capiō, capere), which the authors of the Oxford Latin Course refer to as a mixed conjugation.

4th Conjugation

A Latin verb conjugation characterized by the thematic vowel -i (e.g., veniō, venīre).

Negative Imperative (Latin)

A negative command formed in Latin by using nōlī + infinitive for the 2nd person singular and nōlīte + infinitive for the 2nd person plural (e.g., nōlī manēre in casā; nōlīte clamāre).

2-1-2 Adjectives

Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions (e.g., cārus, -a, -um) whose masculine forms decline in the 2nd declension, feminine forms in the 1st declension, and neuter forms in the 2nd declension.

3rd Declension Adjectives

Adjectives that are 100% i-stem, featuring -ī instead of -e in the ablative singular of all genders, -ium instead of -um in the genitive plural of all genders, and -ia in the nominative, accusative, and vocative neuter plural (e.g., fortis, forte).

Adjective-Noun Agreement

The grammatical rule requiring an adjective to agree with the noun it modifies in three ways: case, number (singular / plural), and gender.

Adverb Formation (1st and 2nd Declension)

A rule stating that adverbs are formed from 1st and 2nd declension adjectives by adding -ē to the stem (e.g., laetus, -a, -um → laetē).

Adverb Formation (3rd Declension)

A rule stating that adverbs are formed from 3rd declension adjectives by adding -iter to the stem (e.g., fortis, forte → fortiter).

Interrogative Adverbs

Adverbs used to ask questions, such as cūr (why?), quōmodo (how?), and ubi (where?).

Interrogative Pronouns

Pronouns used to ask questions, specifically quis (who?) and quid (what?).

quantus

An interrogative adjective meaning 'how great' or 'how big.'

-ne

An interrogative particle attached to the end of the first word of a sentence to formulate an open question, equivalent to the English question mark and making no assumption about the answer.

nōnne

An interrogative particle used as the first word of a question when the speaker expects an affirmative answer ('yes').

num

An interrogative particle used as the first word of a question when the speaker expects a negative answer ('no').

Nominative Case

The grammatical case used for the subject of a verb, as well as a predicate nominative or predicate adjective (predicate complement) following a linking verb.

Genitive Case

The grammatical case showing the possessor (person or thing in possession) or expressing part of the whole (partitive), translated into English using 'of.'

Dative Case

The grammatical case used for the indirect object or the person/thing that receives the action (verb + direct object), typically translated into English using 'to' or 'for.'

Accusative Case

The grammatical case used for the direct object of an action verb and as the object of certain prepositions indicating motion toward, through, into, up to, and at.

Ablative Case

The grammatical case expressing place where (with or without prepositions), motion out of or away from, and accompaniment with cum; commonly translated using 'in,' 'on,' 'from,' 'away from,' 'out of,' and 'with.'

Vocative Case

The grammatical case used to express the person or thing directly addressed.

Vocative Case Formation Rule

The rule that the vocative is identical to the nominative in all declensions except in the singular of 2nd declension nouns/adjectives ending in -us (which changes to -e) and -ius (which changes to -ī).

in (+ acc.)

A Latin preposition indicating motion toward that translates as 'into.'

in (+ abl.)

A Latin preposition expressing place where that translates as 'in.'

ē, ex (+ abl.)

A Latin preposition expressing motion out of that translates as 'out of.'

ad (+ acc.)

A Latin preposition indicating motion toward that translates as 'toward.'

ā, ab (+ abl.)

A Latin preposition expressing motion away from that translates as 'away from.'