Sadler Philosophy 1301 Exam 1

What is the class definition for "Philosophy"?

The love of wisdom.

What is the class definition for "Wisdom"?

Knowledge rightly applied

List and define the four (4) topical divisions of philosophy.

1. Metaphysics: What is real?

2. Epistemology: What is reasonable?

3. Ethics: What is good?

4. Aesthetics: What is Beauty?

List the four (4) chronological periods of philosophy in order & their area of interest:

Ancient- Ontology.

Medieval- Theology.

Modern- Epistemology.

Post-Modern- Language.

What are the three (3) skills needed for Philosophy?

1. Analysis

2. Assessment - Is it Coherent? Is it Complete? Is it Correct?

3. Argument

List and define the Three Tests for Truth and know in which order they are used.

Correspondence- agreement between a proposition and an actual state‐of‐affairs.

Coherence- interconnections of a proposition with a specified system of propositions.

Pragmatic- usefulness of a proposition in achieving certain intellectual goals.

What is an argument? What are the components of an argument?

The process of reasoning from one claim to another. An argument may, but need not, be directed against an explicit alternative

Form & Content Make Up an Argument.

Explain the "Pattern of History" presented in lecture.

•Teacher -teaches student

•Student - see things differently and teaches his way to his student

•Grand student- learns from student but may see things differently so he can also learn from teacher

What is the Socratic Method

Two or more people assist one another in finding the answers to difficult questions

What is the "Test for Invalidity" and how does it work?

Proves if a statement is true or false.All G are S. All Q are S. Therefore, all G are Q.

What are the three major types of logic discussed in class and how do they function?

Deductive - reasons conclusions from a set of premises through accepted rules of inference

Inductive - the premises imply or support a pattern, and the conclusion is based on the assumption that the pattern will hold

Abductive - points out a fact, points out that if a certain hypothesis were true, the fact would be true, then the conclusion is the hypothesis. Uses imagination to find the best explanation for something

Know the "Worst Kinds of Fallacies" and why they are mistakes.

Begging the question - assuming an argument is true and using that "true" argument to support itself. Often following by questioning.

vicious circle - using a loop of unproven propositions to "prove" each other (I believe the Bible is God's word because it says it in the Bible)

dubious authority - using someone's position and support that their ideas are true when it is often unrelated

slippery slope - the conclusion of an argument based on an unreasonable chain reaction of events (have cable -> get angry ..... wake up in ditch. get direcTV or end up in ditch)

straw man - summarizing the opposing argument in an incomplete, weak way (or creating a new opposing argument altogether) then defeating that weak argument and pretending you won over the real argument that you ignored

Know the main thesis of each of the following:

a.Aristophanes, The Clouds

b. Plato, The Crito

c. Plato, The Phaedo

d. Plato, The Republic

According to lecture what are the two (2) charges against Socrates in the Apology?

Impiety and Corrupting the youth

According to Socrates, what are the 5 "Moral Prerequisites" for doing philosophy discussed in the Apology?

1) Detachment from worldly goods

2) Focused devotion to truth & wisdom

3) Courage to stand up to the "common wisdom" of the day

4) Humility

5) Calling & Commitment.

What accusations do Socrates' "first" accusers make against him?

Materialist - natural scientist like Anaxagoras.

Sophist - "Making the weaker argument the stronger." They were not Athenians.

Corrupter - Several well known young men, taught by Socrates, joined the Spartans against Athens.

According to Socrates, what did he do to bring on such accusations?

He Tried to show Chaephrone he was not as wise as he thought he was.

After questioning of politicians, poets, and craftsmen, why does Socrates believe he is wiser than some people who are renowned for their wisdom?

Socrates acknowledges what he does and does not know. "I know that I know nothing."

In response to a question from Socrates' student Chaerephon, what did the oracle of Apollo at Delphi declare about Socrates?

No one was wiser than Socrates.

According to Socrates, how did he get a reputation for corrupting the young?

Young men saw how Socrates proved that men were not as wise as they said and agreed with his position, thus "corrupting the youth."

What accusations do Socrates' "later" accusers make against him?

Corrupting the youth and not believing in the Gods

How does Socrates try to defend himself against the charge that he corrupts the young?

Socrates doubts that he is the only person who is "corrupting the youth."

How does Socrates try to defend himself against the charge that he does not believe in the gods?

Socrates teaches about the demi gods and he believes that a baby cant be born without parents so with that belief if he believes in demi gods he must believe in gods

If the jury had been willing to acquit Socrates on the condition that he stop practicing philosophy Socrates says that he would not have agreed to this condition. Why?

I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy.

What does Socrates mean by saying that he is like a gadfly to the city of Athens?'

He stings and prods at the government and officials to keep the city running well.

What punishment does Socrates at first suggest for himself? Why?

Socrates proposes a reward for himself: as benefactor to Athens, he should be given free meals in the Prytaneum

Why does Socrates not suggest that he be exiled?

Non- Athenians wouldn't listen to him if Athenians don't anyways.

What are the stages of wisdom?

1. Realizing our own failure

2. Motivated search for the truth

3. Knowledge

Begging the question

Assuming an argument is true and using that “true” argument to support itself. Often followed my questioning

Vicious circle

Using a loop of unproven propositions to “prove” each other (I believe the bible is gods word because it says it in the bible)

Dubious authority

Using someone’s position and support that their ideas are true when it is often unrelated

Slippery slope

The conclusion of an argument based on an unreasonable chain reaction of events

Straw man

Summarizing the opposing argument in an incomplete, weak way (or creating a new opposing argument altogether) then defeating that weak argument and pretending you won over the real argument you ignored

Aristophanes, the clouds

a play parodying Socrates but people took it to portray the real Socrates

Plato, the crito

Crito is saying Socrates should get out of prison, Socrates offers a debate in which he argues to stay in prison and die (seems flipped, doesn't it) Socrates was happy to die innocent because he would rather die than poison the community by encouraging breaking the law

Plato, the Phaedo

Socrates is dying, Plato cries because he is losing a friend. Some other guy is crying loudly. Socrates is like bro why you guys crying, this is why I told the women to leave.

You can't die well if you don't live well. And you can't live well if you have unfinished business.

Plato, the republic

"If you love something, do you love all of it or part of it?" - Socrates "All of it probably lmao" -Glaucon

Socratic method 1

I assume that I rightly know x

Socratic method 2

By question and answer “error” is discovered

1st stage of wisdom: realizing our own failure

Socratic method 3

Continue to find truth

2nd stage of wisdom: motivated searching for truth

Socratic method 4

Agreement

3rd stage of wisdom: knowledge

Moral prerequisite 1

Detachment from worldly gods

Moral prerequisite 2

Focused devotion and truth to wisdom

Moral prerequisite 3

Courage to stand up to the common wisdom of today

Moral prerequisite 4

Humility

Moral prerequisite 5

Calling and commitment

Inductive

Patterns. Your friend goes quiet when stressed, you conclude they tend to get quiet when stressed

Abductive

The most likely explanation. You conclude your friend is stressed because they’ve been quiet

Deductive

If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be. Everyone attending a meeting must sign in, your friend attended, you conclude they signed

Correspondence test for truth

Judging a statement for how it corresponds with its object. “It’s raining outside” you look outside and rain is falling (facts)

Coherence test for truth

Many truths that make up a conclusion. You believe your friend is home because they’ve texted you they’re home, their car is outside, and their lights are on.

Pragmatic test for truth

If the idea works, then it must be true. A scientific theory repeatedly make successful predictions when tested