9/14 Chapter 4: Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms, Fungi, Protozoa and Helminthsm(Down to helminths)

Can fungi be eukaryotic pathogens?

Yes

What are the three fungal anatomy forms? Describe the shape of the three forms.

1. Yeast: round to oval shape

2. Hyphae: Long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi (molds)

3. Dimorphic Fungi: Some fungal cells are considered dimorphic and can take either form (yeast or hyphae), depending on growth conditions (Human pathogens)

Are there good and bad types of yeast? How does yeast reproduce? What is budding and what type of reproduction is it?

Yes, they are good and bad kinds of yeast for example good yeast help helps make Alcohol and bread

• Yeast reproduce through asexual reproduction, budding

• Budding: where a new, identical organism grows as an outgrowth or "bud" from the body of a single parent. When finish it will break off

What are the Three types of fungal disease (mycosis) in humans? Write example of the first type, and Who are the targets for the other two?

1. Community-acquired infections caused by environmental pathogens

2. Hospital-associated infections caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings (HAIs, invasive devices)

3. Opportunistic infections caused by low-virulence (weak pathogens) species infecting already-weakened individuals

Harmless spores cause what? What do fungal cell walls give off? Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce what?

1. Harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections (diseases) in AIDS patients (immunocompromised patients)

2. Fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger allergies

3. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce neurological disturbances and even death

Aspergillus flavus Synthesize is what and why is it important?

4. Aspergillus flavus synthesizes a poison called aflatoxin,

potentially lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain

Why are a number of species of fungi Impactful in the agricultural space? What do they reduce? What can they cause?

A number of species or pathogenic to coordinate grain:

• reduces current production (example: Corn and grain)

• Can cause disease and domestic animals consuming contaminated feed crops

What do fungi rot? and what is the percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi? What is a possible solution to this problem?

Fungi, rot fresh produce during shipping in storage and cause spoilage

• 40% of yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi

• Choosing local produce reduces this because of less shipping in storage

What are four benefits of fungi? For the first and last reason provide example. For the second reason, where do the fungi live?

1. Play an essential role in decomposing organic matter and returning minerals to the soil (ex: dead plants/animals and return CO2, O2, etc.)

2. Form stable associations with plant roots and increase their ability to absorb water and nutrients (living in the roots or just outside of them)

3. Fungi have been engineered to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins (Genetic engineering)

4. Some fungi are eaten or used to provide flavoring to food

What are the three ways that fungi obtain nutrients?

1. Heterotrophic: acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates

2. Saprobic: these substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

3. Parasitic: grow on the bodies of living animals or plants, although very few require a living host

What is the main difference between heterotrophic and saprobic/parasitic? Additionally, explain of how heterotrophic fungi works.

Heterotrophic does not obtain nutrients from other cells, unlike Saprobic and Parasitic

• Fungi penetrate the substrate and secrete enzymes that reduces it to small molecules that can be absorbed by the cells. Can grow on wood, feathers, rubber, cellulose, petroleum product

What two ways do hyphae Fungi specifically reproduce?

1. Fragmentation: Propagate by the outward growth of existing hyphae or by fragmentation

2. Spores

Is spore formation asexual or sexual spores or both? How is it dispersed? What is spore formation for hyphae fungi?

• Primary reproductive mode of fungi (asexual and sexual spores)

• Can be dispersed through the environment by air, water, and living things

• Will germinate upon finding a favorable substrate and produce a new fungus colony in a short time

What are 3 main characteristics of Protozoa? (Hint: Are they all harmful and where do they live? Do they cause a lot of infections?)

• single-celled or unicellular eukaryotes

• Most are harmless, free-living inhabitants of water and soil

• A few species are pathogens responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year

How is the Protozoa cytoplasm divided into?

It’s divided into two parts

• Ectoplasm (outer): clear outer layer involved in locomotion (movement), feeding, and protection

• Endoplasm (inner): granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles (In the liquid part that holds the cellular structures)

What 3 ways do Protozoa move? Why is the cell membrane important?

• Can move through fluids by means of pseudopods (“false feet”), cilia and flagella

• Cell membrane regulates food, wastes, and secretions, do not possess cell walls

Can Protozoa cell shape change or stay constant? What are the predominant habitats for Protozoa?

• Cell shape can remain constant (as in most ciliates), or change constantly (as in amoebas)

• Predominant habitats are fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals

What are the two life cycles of Protozoa and describe them? What 3 things are important when in the cyst stage?

1. Trophozoite: motile feeding stage requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

2. Cyst: Dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

• Resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals

• Can be dispersed by air currents

• Important factor in the spread of disease

Do some protozoan groups exist only in one stage and if so which one? Provide an example.

• Some protozoan groups exist only in the trophozoite phase (can dry out fast and be killed easily)

• Example: Trichomonas vaginalis, a common STD, does not form cysts and must be transmitted by intimate contact

Can some Protozoa alternate between stages if so when do they change? Provide an example.

• Many alternate between the trophozoite and cyst stage, depending on the habitat

• Example: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia form cysts and are readily transmitted in contaminated water and foods

What are the 4 major pathogenic protozoa categories?

1. Amoeboid histolytica

2. Ciliated Protozoa

3. Flagellated Protozoa

4. Apicomplexan Protozoa

What are the five protozoa Genus’s And what they belong to?

1. Amoeboid Protozoa: Entamoeba histoltica and Acanthamoeba

2. Flagellated Protozoa: Giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis

3. Apicomplexan Protozoa: Plasmodium vivax

Of the five starred Protozoa, what is the disease that they caused and source?

1. Entamoeba histoltica: Amoebiasis (intestine) and source: humans/water/food

2. Acanthamoeba: brain infection and source: free living water

3. Giardia lamblia: Giardiasis (intestinal stress) and source: animals/water/food

4. Trichomonas vaginalis: Trichomoniasis (STDs) and source: humans

5. Plasmodium vivax: Malaria and source: human/bector-borne

Top hat Q: The public health information flyer explains to amoeba is which type of microorganism? A prokaryotic algae, A eukaryotic fungus, A eukaryotic protozoan, or A prokaryotic bacterium

A eukaryotic protozoan

The public health team informed the community that Acanthamoeba Maybe transmitted in which stages of its life cycle? (Which stages can protozoa be transmitted in?)

Trophozoite and cyst