teat 2 anthro

What does it mean to say that evolution is a branching tree rather than a ladder? Understand common ancestry, phylogenies, and why evolution does not necessarily involve progress or improvement.

lineages branch

branch points common ancestry

organims at the tips are not more evolved

closer branches share closer common ancestor

( not imprvement to prefection its random)

Be familiar with the four basic processes of biological evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. Understand the general differences between them, particularly the distinction between natural selection and random genetic drift.

Mutation: creates variation at genetic level

Natural selection: Some varients become more common bc they help organisms survuve and reproduce in environment.

Gene flow: Moves variation between population

Genetic drift:Random change( bottle neck effect )

What does biocultural evolution mean? Understand how human biology, behavior, culture, and environments interact. Be familiar with the basic ideas of plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance. Why isn't every change to a human body necessarily an example of biological evolution?

Biocultural evolution:io affects culture, culture affects bio, niether operates in isolation.

Plasticity: bodies develop differently under different conditions, within a lifetime, expose variation on which natural selection can act on.

developmental bias: culture can alter bodies, no every body change is evo still needs to be population change across generations.

niche construction: Organisms alter environment in which selction to work

extra genetic inheritance: Genetic(Mutaion, genetic drift), epigenetic (bio factors effect genes), behavrial (patterned socila behavior passed to young), symbolic(storage of meanings of symbolsl).

Why do biological anthropologists study nonhuman primates? How does comparing humans with other primates help us understand our own evolutionary history?

Evo history of human kind, Understand how evo and selction work, closet living realetives. Compare behavioral across species.

Be familiar with the distinction between homologies and analogies, and why it matters for understanding evolutionary relationships.

Homologies: Same common ancestor (basis for taxonomy) reason why we similar

Analogies: simmilar traits develop simaltaniously

Know the major primate tendencies discussed in lecture, including grasping hands and feet, reliance on vision, relatively complex brains, prolonged infant development, and social complexity.

Nails high dextarity.

from smell to sight

Greater realience on touch.

Larger brain to body size ratio.

Incresed parental invesment with more socialy conplex

Have a basic understanding of the primate family tree. Be able to distinguish strepsirrhines and haplorrhines, and recognize some basic differences among monkeys and apes. For example, which primates have prehensile tails, which have no tails, and which living primates are our closest evolutionary relatives?

Strepsirrhines: lemurs and lorises; arboreal and sensory adaptations(sight), solitary and nocturnal.

Africa, India, Southeast Asia.

Small size, long snouts, bushy cat-like ears.

Haplorhines: tarsiers,

monkeys of the Americas: arboreal, tail grasping, central + soulth america

Asian and African monkeys (closer related to humans)/old world monkeys,

arboreal and terrestrial, arboreal smaller than terrestrial; sexual dimorphism more pronounced in terestrial

None useful tails

Apes(including humans)/Gibbons

Arboreal specialist. Pair-bonded, no tails.

Orangutans are tropical and solitary

Gorrilas are herbivores, secual dimophism, with 10-20 groups

Chimpanzees: Omnivorous, less sexual dimophism, larger social groups, organized hunting intergroup violence.Teretorial agression coop hunting, territorial agresison

Bonobos: dense forest of the Republic of Congo, same size as chimps, female org, lower rates of intergroup agression.Strong woman,secual dif pattern of agression.

Generally larger brains, dinural, larger body more complex social

Some useful terms from lecture: arboreal, terrestrial, diurnal, nocturnal, sexual dimorphism, and brachiation. Be able to recognize what these describe.

aboreal:living in trees

Terrestrial: live walk on solid ground

dinural:sleep night

nocturnal: sleep day

sexual dimophism: dif body shape for sex

Understand the broad behavioral contrasts between chimpanzees and bonobos (our closest relatives). What can their similarities and differences tell us about the relationship between evolutionary ancestry and behavior? Why shouldn't either species be treated as a direct model of our ancestors?

Chimpanzees: Omnivorous, less sexual dimophism, larger social groups, organized hunting intergroup violence.Teretorial agression coop hunting, territorial agresison

Bonobos: dense forest of the Republic of Congo, same size as chimps, female org, lower rates of intergroup agression.Strong woman,secual dif pattern of agression.

We might share common an but we did not come from them.

Why is it increasingly difficult to identify a single characteristic that makes humans uniquely human? Consider evidence involving tool use, learning, self-recognition, communication, and culture among nonhuman primates.

primates can use tools and learn, they rec themselves in mirror, behavior plan aliences signals and symbols.

Human lang us a more hard boundry. Limited elem for huge posinbility, can refer to things not imdiatly present.

Can also learn culture

so what makes human?

What might actually make human behavior distinctive? Be familiar with our discussion of human distinctiveness as a combination of capacities, particularly cumulative learning, symbolic communication, cooperation, and cultural transmission.

no single trait

digree and complexity

comulative learning

highly elaborat symbolic comunication

extensive kin and face to face groups

tech and culture shaping environment reinforce one another

combo

How do anthropologists reconstruct human evolutionary history? Understand the role of the fossil record and the basic distinction between relative and absolute dating.

diffrent traits comes up at different times helps us with timeline

relative:based on other fossils(before or after something)

absalute: time frame 1-2 mil

What is a hominin? Roughly when do the earliest hominins appear? Why is the familiar idea of a single evolutionary "missing link" misleading?

member of human liniage, all human species even extinct. links dont know direct ansestor.

lower body upper arms and backbone mod for Bipedal(sep from apes)

smaller canine teeth

forward placed magnium for bipeadilism

increased brain size

Understand the importance of bipedalism in early hominin evolution. What anatomical changes accompanied upright walking, including changes in the position of the foramen magnum and the spine? What is the relationship between bipedalism, pelvic anatomy, increasing brain size, and childbirth?

Carrying objects, hunting,upright reach visual survalence,long distance walking and running. Bipedolism allowed for big brain. Increased eating for big brain energy.

larger bith canals for brains also allowed for tools

Remember the general sequence: bipedalism appeared before major increases in brain size. Why might bipedalism have been advantageous, and why is it unlikely to have had a single evolutionary cause?

Carrying objects, hunting,upright reach visual survalence,long distance walking and running. Bipedolism allowed for big brain. Increased eating for big brain energy.

Know the basic differences among three major early hominin genera: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo. Be able to recognize their general characteristics, including differences in brain size, jaws and teeth, and evidence of bipedalism and tool use. For example, what do the large grinding teeth and specialized jaw structures of Paranthropus suggest about adaptation? 

Australopithecus: 5-6 mya ape like bipeadal limited fossil, mighta ammerged from it,1.2-1.4 mil, sexual di male big,big brain and hand,partial aboreal and ate procesed

Parathropus: 2.7-1 mya dish shaped face small forheads, flared cheeks, woodland used tools. Large grind teeth

homo: 3-2 mya younger then 1.8 homo olduwan tools big brain

On what continent do we find the earliest examples of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo? Where did modern humans first appear?

Africa

What hominin group is the first to disperse beyond Africa? 

Homo erectus

How might changes in diet, brain size, tool use, and social cooperation have influenced one another during human evolution? How does this illustrate biocultural evolution?

feedback loop with tools made and hand and teeth.

Why is Homo erectus especially important in the history of human evolution? Be familiar with the major changes associated with this lineage, including body form, brain size, geographic expansion, and technology. Which hominin was the first to spread widely beyond Africa?

greater culture, tools change, diets changed, fire coop, org group, controled gorup,tool mkaing tech.

Recognize the basic associations between Oldowan, Acheulian, and Mousterian stone-tool traditions and the hominins discussed in lecture. You do not need to memorize the technical details of stone-tool manufacture.

What kinds of archaeological evidence allow anthropologists to reconstruct the behavior of ancient humans? Consider stone tools, fire, hunting, shelters, and burials. What can such evidence reasonably establish, and what remains uncertain? For example, can discovering an intentional burial tell us what people believed about death?

tech, food procesing, controled fire,deliberate treatment of dead symbolism

What do we mean by archaic humans? Have a basic understanding of Neanderthals and Denisovans and their relationship to the emergence of modern humans.

all archic human sapians or homo hidelbergenis and neanderthals both in africa.

Nanferthals stlakier and bulkier 300,000-30,000

den neandrthals nad hunman overlap?

Why does the evidence for multiple coexisting hominin populations complicate the idea of a simple, linear progression toward modern humans?

bc now theres multiple links that go in and out

Use the accompanying chart to develop a general sense of when different hominin groups appeared and how they fit into the larger history of human evolution.

You do not need to memorize exact dates, but you should be able to orient yourself in evolutionary time. For example, what was happening roughly 7 million years ago? What kinds of hominins were around 2–4 million years ago? What about 300,000 years ago?

Be able to recognize which major hominin groups existed during overlapping periods and why the appearance of a new group did not necessarily mean the disappearance of earlier ones.

7 mil was early hominims

2-4 million was Austrolapithocus and Genus homo

300,000 years ago was Archaic Homo and Neandrathals.

What do we know about Neanderthal biology and behavior? What evidence raises questions about their social relationships, capacities, and possible cultural practices?

We know they had stone tools, fire, hunting, shelters, and burials. This lets us infer on their cultural capacities varied wounded. Europe/soultheast asia.

more adopted to cold due to mucle bodies

Be familiar with the basic differences among the Recent African Origins, Multiregional Evolution, and Multiple Dispersals models of modern human origins.

Recen african orgin: one big mig from africa. wiped out all others

Multiregional evo: we are homoerectus

multiple dispersals: incorperates fossil and genetics. single set of migrations from africa. Dif flunctionation of movemnt and dispersal and intermixing

What did Svante Pääbo's research on ancient DNA reveal about the relationships between Neanderthals and modern humans? How did this change earlier understandings of human evolution?

Genomics

Neandrathlas must have contributed to us not a seperate species.

We are still primary african in origin

They interbred

There were Denisovans

1-2% nedrathal meaning not a full replacement is possible.

In Pääbo's reading, why does genetic evidence challenge familiar assumptions about human uniqueness and biological race? Why does he argue that genetics alone cannot tell us what it means to be human?

more dif in pop then between and homo spaians intertwind with hominins akit if interbreeding. Ovelappiing variation

Think about our NOVA documentary clips. How did historical assumptions about race, human difference, and what counts as "human" shape scientific interpretations of Neanderthals? More generally, how might scientific debates reflect the social and historical circumstances in which they take place?

They belived int the idea of seperate species so any small diffrence was used to show that they were too far apart for us to possibly be the same

Be familiar with the film's major arguments about human genetic variation and biological race. Why doesn't human biological diversity divide neatly into familiar racial categories? How does human genetic variation compare with that of other animals?

Our gentic varation is significantly smaller then other animals

We were not seperated long enough for us to evolve sepereatly.

What did the students' comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reveal about the relationship between expectations of racial similarity and actual genetic evidence?

Racial ehtnictiy is not linked with genetic simmilarity. They found they releated to other racial gorups more heavily.

99.9 % dna shared

lotta gene flow.

Recognize examples of how scientific research historically contributed to mistaken ideas about racial difference and inequality.

Assumptions made that black people were closer to ancestors so they were stronger.

Finally, understand the central distinction the film develops: race is not a meaningful biological division of humanity, but racial classifications have very real social consequences. Be able to recognize examples of this distinction.

People think and only recognize a bleck person for athletic acompllishments or say its easy for them when thats not the case and they have other acomplishments.

What does it mean to say that human biological variation is real, but does not divide neatly into biological races? Understand why most human genetic variation occurs within populations rather than between familiar racial groupings.

we have more variation outside then inside racial groups os pepole cna not be put in gent=eticaly similar groups just based on race.

What is a cline? Why do different human biological traits have different geographic distributions? How does this complicate attempts to classify people into distinct biological groups?

Cline: Gradual and Measssurable change of genetics across geo.\

Race groups dont necisrly have sma=e geo distributioon

dif blood does have geo distibution

Sickle cell and its things

think about our documentary clip on human hair. How might differences in hair form be understood in relation to evolutionary adaptation and environmental conditions? What does the diversity of human hair reveal about the limitations of racial classification?

Hair might have been used too keep in heat or let out heat this means that a variety of “races have diffrent types of hair it is not one neat classification.

What can the geographic distribution of ABO blood types tell us about human biological variation? Why don't the distributions of blood types correspond neatly to conventional racial categories? You do not need to memorize blood-type frequencies or maps.

Vary geographicly but not by race.

Understand the relationship between sickle-cell traits, malaria, and natural selection. Why can an allele associated with serious disease also provide an evolutionary advantage in particular environments? Be familiar with the basic idea of balanced polymorphism and the importance of environmental context in understanding human variation.

sick cell trait hlelps body when affected with malaria so people can survive and reproduce.

Balanced polumorphysm: dif genetic traits presist bc they give relative advantages.

Finally, consider the difference between biological variation shaped by evolutionary processes and biological differences produced or influenced by social conditions. How might discrimination, nutrition, stress, and unequal access to resources affect human bodies?

Social relationhsips can affedct our biology.

What does it mean to understand human health and illness from a biocultural perspective? Be familiar with embodiment, particularly the idea that social experiences and inequalities can become biological realities.

Understand the distinction between disease and illness. Why might a physician's understanding of a medical condition differ from a patient's experience of it? What do medical anthropologists contribute by examining both perspectives?

What is the sick role? How do cultural expectations shape what people are supposed to do when they become sick? Think about the examples from lecture, including how social and economic circumstances influence who can afford to behave as a sick person.

Sick role is the idea of how certain people need to act and be treated to mark themselves as sick. A rich person might be able to indicate being sick more often then a poor person so a poor person might consider “sick” as much worse

Why do medical practitioners have particular forms of social authority? Understand the basic idea of explanatory models of illness, associated with Arthur Kleinman. Why might patients and practitioners understand the same condition differently?

What is medicalization? Consider our discussion of PTSD and Allan Young's research. How can a medical diagnosis emerge historically and then shape how people understand and experience suffering? How does this connect to our earlier discussions of classification and reification?

Understand the basic ways that healing can be a biocultural process. Be familiar with clinical, symbolic, and social-support therapeutic processes, as well as the placebo effect. Why might healing involve more than the direct biochemical effects of medical treatment?

Finally, how do social, political, and economic conditions influence the distribution and consequences of disease? Think about Paul Farmer's work and the contributions medical anthropology can make to understanding global health problems.

What is material culture? Why do anthropologists study objects as more than useful or decorative things? Understand how objects can both express and help shape social relationships, including identity, status, belonging, memory, and power.

Materiality: physichal tangible quality of objwcts

Matrial culture: objects people make use and live with.

What does it mean to say that objects are multidimensional? Be familiar with the ways an object can be understood through its history, its aesthetic qualities, and its relationships to wealth and power. Why might the same object have different meanings for different people?

Objects are not just physichal they also comunniacate ideas and values

Express wealth socil status and power.

Multi deimensional - time power wealth astethchs.

What are repatriation and NAGPRA? Why can ownership, display, and interpretation of artifacts and human remains become politically contentious? Consider the different perspectives of museums, archaeologists, and descendant communities.

What does it mean to say that objects have social lives? Understand how their meanings may change as they change form, move between contexts, or pass from one owner to another. Why might an object take on a very different meaning when it enters a museum?

How can material objects shape the way communities remember and interpret the past? Why is archaeology sometimes politically controversial? Think about the examples from the reading, including the African Burial Ground.

What do anthropologists mean by social complexity? Be familiar with the general relationships among population size, specialization, coordination, hierarchy, and political authority. Why does "complex" not automatically mean "better" or "more advanced"?

How do archaeologists infer social organization and inequality from material evidence? Consider settlement patterns, monumental architecture, specialized spaces, burial practices, and access to valuable goods. Why is the context or assemblage of artifacts often more revealing than a single object?

What does Cahokia reveal about social complexity? Think about its mounds, planned public spaces, imported materials, and evidence of social differentiation. What can archaeologists infer from these remains, and what can't they know with certainty?

Why might cities and states emerge? Understand the broad roles that population growth, food surpluses, trade, specialization, conflict, and political control can play. You do not need to memorize all the named theories of state formation, but should recognize how several different factors could contribute.

What do archaeologists mean by the "collapse" of a complex society? Why might transformation, dispersal, and resilience be more accurate descriptions? Be familiar with the basic point illustrated by the Ancestral Pueblo and Classic Maya examples: the decline of particular political centers does not mean that their peoples vanished.

What is foraging, and why did earlier scholars often misunderstand hunter-gatherer societies? What did Marshall Sahlins mean by the "original affluent society"? Why shouldn't farming automatically be treated as an improvement over foraging?

Why might sharing practices discourage the accumulation of surplus among some foraging groups? Why is it important to remember that not all hunter-gatherer societies were organized in the same way? Consider the contrast between sharing practices and the potlatches of the Pacific Northwest.

What is domestication? Understand how humans shaped plants and animals over generations, and how domesticated species also changed human lives. Why are some animals more easily domesticated than others? Be able to recognize examples of changes to domesticated plants, such as maize.

some animals allow themselves to be domesticated so we change thenm. Cprn we engineered to be bigger have seeds that fit in our hands.

Domestication changed things.

Why did agriculture arise in multiple parts of the world, rather than in one single place? Be familiar with the broad explanations involving changing climates, population pressures, and the gradual management of food resources. The Neolithic Revolution was not one sudden discovery or inevitable step forward.

They already knew that these existed but it took untill climate got worse for them sto start raising crops and also poulation started getting bigger.

AG changed: food production, alot of diffrent things

rad new int

hunter-gatherers weren't necessarily miserable.

What is sedentism? How could food production, permanent settlements, storage, and population growth reinforce one another? Understand some major benefits and costs of agriculture, including increased food production and larger populations, but also more intensive labor, reduced dietary diversity, disease, and vulnerability to shortages.

Sedentism: permanent settling in one area instead of continuous travel.

Benefits: high productivity, uniform ripening, high stretch, storable surplus

Cost:

Property: Territoriality and competition Vulnerable to collapse, lower-quality foods. Individuals get less and have to work harder.

Finally, how might food surpluses, land ownership, storage, and control over resources help create conditions for enduring inequalities of wealth and power? Why is it more accurate to say that agriculture made certain forms of inequality and social complexity possible, rather than that agriculture automatically caused inequality?

Forging associated with lower economic status.

Be familiar with the basic story of Percy Schmeiser and Monsanto (from next Monday). Why did a dispute over genetically modified canola become a larger controversy about seeds, ownership, intellectual property, and farmers' rights? How does this case illustrate the relationship between agricultural technology and power

who owns the seed?

collecting seeds and replanting them.

orgin of property and still where it comes from

Pantent seeds?

Monsanto just took seeds ten sued bc they claimed he took their seed idea?

farmers should have the right to buy and use seed should not worry about infringing anything.

controling all the seeds.