Anatomy Ivy Unit 1

1.1 , 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, homeostasis

what are the two main portions of the human body?

Axial portion and appendiular portion

what structures make up the axial portion?

head, neck, and trunk

what structures make up the appendicular portion?

Upper and lower limbs

what is the cranial cavity

body cavity that houses the brain

what is the vertebral (spinal) cavity?

body cavity that contains the spinal cord

what is the thoracic cavity

chest cavity that houses the lungs and other chest organs (viscera)

what does viscera mean?

organs inside a body cavity

what is the abdominopelvic cavity?

cavity that contains abdominal and pelvic organs

what is the diaphragm?

muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

what is the mediastinum?

space between the lungs

what organs are found in the mediastinum?

heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus glands

what is the abdominal cavity

upper part of the abdominopelvic cavity containing digestive organs

name three organs found in the abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, and spleen

what is the pelvic cavity

lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity

what organs are found in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and end of the large intestine

what are the small cavities of the head

oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities

what is anatomical position?

standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing foward.

what does superior mean?

above

what does inferior mean?

below

what does anterior (ventral) mean?

toward the front.

what does posterior (dorsal) mean?

toward the back.

what does medial mean?

toward the midline

what does lateral mean

away from the midline

what does bilateral mean

on both sides of the body

what does ipsilateral mean

on the same side of the body

what does contralateral mean

on opposite sides of the body

what does proximal mean

closer to the point of attachment to the trunk

what does distal mean

farther from the point of attachment to the trunk

what does superficial mean

near the body surface

what does deep mean

more internal

what is a sagittal section

divides the body into left and right portions

what is a midsagittal (median) section?

divides the body into equal left and right halves

what is a parasagittal section

divides the body into unequal left and right portions

what is a transverse (horizontal) section?

divides the body into superior and inferior portions w

what is a coronal (frontal) section?

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

what is a cross section?

a cut across a cylindrical structure

what is an oblique section?

an angular cut through a structure

what is a longitudinal section?

a lengthwise cut through a structure

what does RUQ stand for?

Right Upper Quadrant

what does RLQ stand for?

Right Lower Quadrant

what does LUQ stand for?

Left Upper Quadrant

what does LLQ stand for?

Left lower Quadrant

what is the epigastric region

upper middle abdominal region

what are the hypochondriac regions

right and left regions beside the epigastric region

what is the umbilical region

central abdominal region around the navel

what are the lateral (lumbar) regions?

regions on either side of the umbilical region

what is the pubic (hypogastric) region?

lower middle abdominal region

what are the inguinal (iliac) regions?

right and left regions beside the pubic region

cephalic region

head

frontal region

forehead

orbital region

eye area

Otic region

ear

Nasal Region

Nose

buccal region

cheek

oral region

mouth

mental region

chin

cervical region

neck

axillary region

armpit

brachial region

arm

carpal region

wrist

femoral region

thigh

patellar region

front of knee

tarsal region

ankle

occipital region

back of head

vertebral region

spinal column area

lumbar region

lower back

gluteal region

buttocks

popliteal region

back of knee

sural region

calf

calcaneal region

heel

plantar region

sole of foot

what are examples of things maintained by homeostasis?

blood pH, blood glucose levels, and hormone levels

what is the normal blood pH range

7.35-7.45

what can happen if blood pH leaves the normal range

serious or devastating health consequences can occur

what is a set point

the target value or range the body tries to maintain

what is a stimulus?

a change that moves a condition away from the set point

what is a receptor

a detector that senses a change in the internal environment

what is a control center

the decision-maker that determines how to respond to a change

what is an effector

a muscle or gland that carries out the response

what are effectors usually?

muscles or glands

what is first sequence of a homeostatic mechanism

stimulus

what is second sequence of a homeostatic mechanism

receptor

what is third sequence of a homeostatic mechanism

control center

what is fourth sequence of a homeostatic mechanism

effector

what is fifth sequence of a homeostatic mechanism

response

what does the receptor do

detects the change

what does the control center do

makes a decision about how to correct the change

what does the effector do?

produces a response to correct the change

what is a negative feedback

mechanism that reverses a change and returns the body toward normal

is the negative feedback the most common type of feedback in the body

yes

what is the goal or negative feedback

return conditions to the set point

does negative feedback increase or reverse a change

reverse a change

what phrase helps remember negative feedback

stop the change and return to normal

what happens when body conditions move outside the normal range?

negative feedback mechanisms work to bring them back

what is positive feedback

mechanism that increases or intensifies a change

is a positive feedback common or rare

rare

does positive feedback reverse or increase a change?

increase a change w

what phrase help remember positive feedback

keep it going

why are positive feedback loops usually short lived

they create temporary unstable conditions

how does a person stand in anatomical position

standing upright, feet slightly apart, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms forward