Camlpr chem, trans, histo 오답

used for identifying crystals like gout or lipids

polarized microscope

which of the following actions is used for the disposal of ethanol?

send for distillation

which of the following ionization techniques is most commonly used of drug screening using gas chromatography mass spectrometry?

electron ionization

which of the following actions is taken when xylene catches a fire on a counter-top?

use a Class B fire extinguisher

which of the following conditions correlates best with a plasma sodium concentration of 127 mmol/L and a plasma osmolality of 289 mOsm/kg?

hyperproteinemia

• 290 mOsm/kg는 정상범위 but sodium 낮음

• pseudohyponatremia일 가능성 높음

which of the following quality system essentials is represented by the use of coloured ABO antisera?

process control

which of the following analyses is suitable for ‘head space’ gas chromatography?

acetone

• 알콜류: ethanol, methanol, propranolol

• 케톤/유기체: acetone, benzene, toluene

• 가스류: cyanide

쉽게 증발하는 휘발성 물질 ‘volatile compounds가 타깃!’

which of the following analyses is suitable for ‘head space’ gas chromatography?

methanol

• 알콜류: ethanol, methanol, propranolol

• 케톤/유기체: acetone, benzene, toluene

• 가스류: cyanide

which of the following errors will cause indistinct nuclear detail in a Romanowsky stain?

inadequate fixation

• 염색전 methanol fixation은 세포 내부의 단백질을 응고시켜 구조를 보조 → 핵의 상세한 모습 (nuclear detail)을 명확하게 유지

which of the following actions should be taken if a unit of packed RBCs is returned to the blood bank at a temperature of 0C?

quarantine the unit

• 허용범위 1C~6C

what is the molal freezing point of a sample with an osmolality of 312 mOsm/Kg?

freezing point = osmolality (Osm/kg)x(1.86C)

→ mOsm → Osm (x0.01)

which of the following observations would be seen when the silver has increased ammonia concentration?

loss of sensitivity of the staining technique

• Silver stain은 조직 성분에 silver를 붙여서 검게 보이게 하는 염색

  • 그런데 ammonia가 들어가면 silver와 결합해서 silver-ammonia complex를 만듦 → silver가 조직에 덜 붙음 → 염색이 약해짐 → 작은 구조를 놓침 → sensitivity ↓

which of the following activities describes when a schedule is created for validation of a new analyzer?

quality assurance

which of the following findings explains these results?

• Anti-A 3+

• Anti-B 3+

• Anti-AB 3+

• A1 cells 2+

• B cells 3+

• O cells 2+

• Auto 0

Anti-M

• 만약 Anti-I 였다면 환자 자신의 적혈구에도 I항원이 있으므로 ‘Auto’결과도 강한 양성이 나와야함!

• Anti-H면 주로 O cell에서 강반응을 보임 (왜냐하면 O가 H가 가장 많음)

when should gastrointestinal specimens be pinned to prevent autolysis?

befor fixation

which of the following actions is the most appropriate when using a cryostat to process a brain specimen with suspected Creutzfelt-Jakob disease?

immediately decontaminate cryostat with sodium hydroxide (bleach)

• CJD: 일반세균이나 바이러스가 아니라 Prion이라는 단백질에 의해 발생, 보통 일반적인 소독 (알콜, UV, autoclave)에 거의 완벽한 저항성을 가짐

  • 1:10 → spills

  • 1:100 → 표면이나 장비를 닦을때 (주의사항: 금속부식시킬 수 있음, 절대 autoclave에 넣지 말것)

• spores: sterilization

• routine/intestine: alcohol 70~100

which of following casts is consistent with pyelonephritis?

WBC

which of the following statements best describes the laboratory’s role in point-of-care testing?

monitor that QC procedures are being followed

which of the following staining problems results from the omission of 1% periodic acid solution in the Jones methenamine silver technique?

failure to stain basement membrane

which of the following actions is acceptable if no reaction is obtained after the addition of Coomb’s control cells?

report test results are invalid

which of the following procedures must be done when transporting blood specimens to reference laboratoru?

protect from direct sunlight

which of the following orientations is most appropriate when embedding a tissue section of a vas deferens?

transverse (=cross section) - 가로절단

• vas deferens, blood vessel, intestine, ureter 대부분 transverse/cross section

  • why? lumen, wall thickness, layer를 잘 볼 수 있게

which of the following documents describes internal processes for identifying and minimizing the chance of injury to patients and employee?

risk management policy

which of the following laboratory results correlates with the infusion of large volumes of packed red blood cells using a standard blood warming coil infusing at 50C?

increase urea

• 대량 PRBC 수혈에서는 수혈된 RBC와 단백질의 대사·분해 부담이 증가하면서 nitrogen load가 늘어 urea가 증가할 수 있음

Massive PRBC transfusion

• K ↑

• unconjugated bilirubin ↑ 가능

• Hgb ↑ 또는 유지

• urea ↑ 가능

leaving tourniquet on longer than one minute

hemoconcentation 발생; protein, potassium, lipid수치가 증가

which of the following collection technique can result in specimen hemolysis?

using too small of a needle diameter

hemamtona (혈종) 부위에서 채혈할 때

알콜소독 후 완전히 마르기 전에 채혈할 때

vigorous mixing

which of the following actions should be taken when a technologist is disrespectful to nurse who is consistently interrupting their work?

engage in reflective practice

which of the following actions is used for the disposal acetone?

send for distillation

Transitional epithelial cells은 우리 몸 어디에 있나요?

주로 urinary tract (bladder)나 urethra; CSF에는 절대 나타날 수 없는 세포!!

Which of the following tests best correlate with the severity of HDN?

 A. Urinary estradiol
B. Urinary Rh antibody titre
C. Amniotic L/S ratio
D. Amniotic fluid bilirubin

D. Amniotic fluid bilirubin

설명: 신생아 용혈성 질환(HDN)은 태아의 적혈구가 파괴되면서 빌리루빈이 생성. 양수 내 빌리루빈 농도(Delta A450)를 측정하여 태아의 상태(중증도)를 파악.

"아기가 얼마나 아픈가?"를 알기 위해서는 "아기 피가 얼마나 깨졌는가"를 봐야 하고, 그 증거물이 바로 양수 속에 떠다니는 빌리루빈임. 최근에는 양수 검사 대신 초음파를 이용한 MCA-PSV(중대뇌동맥 수축기 혈류 속도) 측정을 더 많이 사용힘

Severity of HDN = Amount of hemolysis = Bilirubin level in amniotic fluid.

Which of the following urine methods is used to screen for galactosuria?

 A. Ferric-chloride tube test
B. Phenyl-nitroaniline
C. Cyanide-nitroprusside
D. Benedict's test

D. Benedict's test

Benedict's test는 glucose에만 특이적인 검사가 아니라 여러 reducing sugars를 검출

Galactose = reducing sugar → Benedict's/Clinitest test positive

Which of the following variables would be the most likely to occur in a urine sample that is kept at room temperature for greater than 4 hours after collection?

 A. Increased pH
B. Decreased nitrate
C. Decreased bacteria
D. Increased glucose

 A. Increased pH

소변을 실온에 4시간 이상 방치하면 세균이 증식하면서 urea를 ammonia로 분해. 그러면 소변이 점점 alkaline해져서:

Old urine at RT → pH ↑, bacteria ↑, nitrite ↑, glucose ↓

ketone ↓, bilirubin ↓, urobilinogen ↓, cells/casts ↓

Which serum protein would be decreased in Wilson's Disease?

 A. Alpha-1-antitrypsin
B. Ceruloplasmin
C. Hemopexin
D. Haptoglobin

B. Ceruloplasmin

Willson disease는 체내에 copper가 과도하게 쌓이는 유전

Ceruloplasmin은 혈액 내 구리의 약 95프로를 운반하는 중요 단백질; 남는 구리는 담즙으로 배출

• 원인: 유전자(ATP7B) 고장으로 구리를 담즙으로 못 버리고, 운반 단백질에도 못 실음.

• 몸 안: 못 버린 구리가 간·뇌·각막에 과도하게 쌓여 중독됨.

• 피 검사: 구리를 못 실은 빈 단백질이 금방 파괴되어 Ceruloplasmin 수치 감소(↓).

• 결론: 구리는 몸에 넘치는데(↑), 정작 운반체인 Ceruloplasmin은 뚝 떨어짐(↓)

• Serum ceruloplasmin: Decreased (↓)

• 24-hour urine copper: Increased (↑)

• Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings: Copper deposition in the cornea (brown/green-gold rings)

• Target organ damage:

  • Liver: Cirrhosis / hepatic failure

  • Brain: Basal ganglia damage (tremors, Parkinsonian symptoms, neuropsychiatric changes)

What type of chromatography separates solutes on the basis of their molecular sizes?

 A. Adsorption chromatography
B. Steric-exclusion chromatography
C. Affinity chromatography
D. Partition chromatography

B. Steric-exclusion chromatography

Steric-exclusion chromatography separates solutes based on what?

Molecular size.

Large molecules elute first; small molecules enter pores and elute later.

Partition chromatography separates solutes based on what?

Solubility.

Solutes separate by distribution between mobile and stationary liquid phases.

Adsorption chromatography separates solutes based on what?

Surface polarity.

Solutes separate by how strongly they adsorb to the solid stationary phase.

Affinity chromatography separates solutes based on what?

Specificity.

Uses specific ligand binding, like a lock-and-key interaction.

Ion-exchange chromatography separates solutes based on what?

Net charge.

Oppositely charged solutes bind to charged groups on the stationary phase.

 In HPLC, what does the term reverse phase refer to?

The mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase

Which of the following statements best characterizes chromatography?

Changing the mobile phase temperature can affect retention times

Which of the following actions would be most appropriate to take if gas chromatography peaks are not well resolved and all bunched together at the beginning of the chromatograph?

 A. Increase the column temperature
B. Decrease the affinity of the analytes to the stationary phase
C. Increase the carrier gas flow rate
D. Decrease the column temperature

D. Decrease the column temperature

What ISE uses the antibiotic valinomycin as a neutral carrier in its membrane?
 A. Glucose electrode
 B. Chloride electrode
 C. Potassium electrode
 D. Sodium electrode

C. Potassium electrode

Why is a single-point calibration performed between blood gas samples?
 A. To compensate for temperature variations
 B. To correct for electrode drift
 C. To correct for proportional response errors
 D. To correct for electrode slope

B. To correct for electrode drift

Which of the following electrodes measures the amount of current generated when the voltage is held constant?
 A. pO₂
 B. pH
 C. K⁺
 D. pCO₂

 A. pO₂

Which of the following statements is true regarding oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
 A. It decreases when blood gas sample is exposed to air
 B. It decreases with decreasing pH
 C. It is unaffected by pO₂ levels
 D. It is unaffected by temperature

B. It decreases with decreasing pH

Which of the following analytes can be measured by an amperometric electrode referred to as a biosensor?
 A. K⁺
 B. pH
 C. pCO₂
 D. Glucose 

D. Glucose

Which of the following results is most likely to be erroneous and should not be reported?

A. Na⁺
B. K⁺
C. pH
D. TCO2

D. TCO2

**TCO2는 항상 HCO3-보다 약간 (1~2 mmol/L) 커야함

Which of the following factors may cause a delta check flag on a urea result when using the urease enzymatic method?

a)       The patient was in supine positive during venipuncture

b)      Specimen was collected in sodium fluoride

c)       Specimen was collected in sodium heparin

d)      The patient was pumping their fist during venipuncture

What peak is the base peak in the mass spectrum given below?

a) 14

b) 31

c) 46

d) 47

b) 31

What is the angle between the detector and the light path in turbidimetry?

a)       0

b)      15

c)       30

d)      90

a)       0

Which of the following light sources is appropriate for spectrophotometric measurements in the 180 to 350 nm range?

a)       Hydrogen

b)      Mercury vapor

c)       Tungsten iodide

d)      Tungsten filament

a)       Hydrogen

Which of the following ionization techniques is preferred for trace elements?

Inductively coupled plasma

What is the recommended antiseptic for blood culture collection site on a patient 2-months of age?

Chlorhexidine gluconate

• under 2 months: 70% isopropyl alcohol

Which of the following scenarios may cause quality control failure of antibody screening cells when using the tube method?

a) Saline pH of 7.2

b) Incubator temperature was 30°C

c) Red cell suspension of 3% - 5%

d) Anti-human globulin was monospecific

b)      Incubator temperature was 30°C

Which of the following actions are taken given these results?
Sample type: Freshly voided urine
pH: 8.0
Microscopic: Tyrosine crystals present

Repeat urine dipstick and microscopy

Which of the following interferents may cause a persistent detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophia by immunoassay?

Human anti-mouse antibodies

• * Human Chorionic Gonadotrophia: 임신호르몬 (hCG)

  "임신 검사를 했는데, 임신이 아닌 상황에서도 HAMA라는 방해꾼 때문에 기계가 계속 임신이라고 우기는 상황"을 묻는 문제 

Which of the following factors may cause a delta check flag on a urea result when using the urease enzymatic method?

Specimen was collected in sodium fluoride

* Urea 수치가 갑자기 뚝 떨어졌다? → Grey top에 뽑았나 의심!!!

Which of the following conditions is consistent with the results given below?

 Osmolality: 285 mOsm/Kg
Sodium:      126 mmol/L

Pseudohyponatremia

Which of the following tests is required for the proper interpretation of a parathyroid result?

Calcium

Which of the following principles describes electromechanical clot detection?

Viscosity-based

What is the osmolality (mOsm/Kg) of a 2 mol/L solution of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) in 1 Kg of water?

3000

Which of the following actions should be taken first if the temperature of the refrigerator used to store packed red blood cells is at 11°C?

Check the recording thermometer chart

Which of the following criteria describes a positive control for routine red blood cell phenotyping?

Heterozygous for the antigen being tested

Which of the following microscopic findings may be seen when the pH formalin fixative is less than 5?

pigment production

Which of the following actions would prevent the tissue sections from attaching to the block on the upstroke during microtomy?

Trim the edges of the block

Which of the following vitamin can cause a false positive result for an occult blood point of care testing?

Vitamin C

which of the following fixative should NOT be used when performing a periodic acid schiff stain?

Gluteraldehyde

Which of the following actions should be taken first when an outpatient is physically combative prior to phlebotomy?

Ensure that an exit its possible for both the technologist and the patient

Which of the following positive urine reagent strip tests correlate with a urinary tract infection due to Enterobacteriaceae?

Leukocyte and nitrite

When reagent is used to perform the first blocking stage when performing Immunohistochemistry?

Hydrogen peroxide

Which of the following statement describe biohazard risk group 3?

High individual risk, low community risk

Which of the following conditions correlates with a plasma phosphorus of 0.35 mmol/L?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)