Lung Parasites 1: Small Animals

The host is dog what is the direct (no intermediate host) respiratory parasite

• Oslerus osleri

· Filaroides hirthi

Eucoleus aerophilus

· E. boehmi (nose)

For the dog can if it does have a intermediate host would would the snail or slug species be ?

Crenosoma vulpis

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Can earthworms go into the dog as a parasitic host for the respirtatory system

no

What is another route rather then snails and slugs can a respirtory parasite enter into the dog

Paragonimus (crayfish)

What is the direct (but no intermediate host) for a cat, for a parasitic respirtory system

Eucoleus aerophilus

What are the intermediate host for cat in parasite for the respirtatory system

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Can a earthworm enter the respirtatory system for a cat

no

What other route (or intermediate host) can enter a cat

Paragonimus (crayfish)

Do cattle have an intermiedate host (snail, slug, earthworm or other route)

no

What is the direct (no intermediate host) for cattle

Dictyocaulus viviparus (pasture)

What is the direct respirtatory parasite for sheep and goats

Dictyocaulus filaria (pasture)

What are the snails/slug that can give a parasite to sheep and goats

Muellerius capillaris

Protostrongylus rufescens

Is there an earthworm that can enter the respirtaotry system for sheep and goats

no

What is another route for a parasite to enter the respirtaroy system of a sheep or goat

Oestrus ovis —— nasal (bot fly)

Do horses have an intermediate host (snail/slug/earthworm/other form of a route) to enter the horse

no

What is the onlt direct parasite that can enter the horse via respirtaroy system

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (from donkeys)

Do pigs have direct/snail/slug/or other route of parastic entry via airway

no

Can pigs get earthworms into their respirtatory system?

yes

• Metastrongylus

Do poultry have a snail/slug/other routes of entering the respiratory system

no

The host is the chicken what is the direct (no intermediate host) for a parasite that enters the respiratory system

Syngamus trachea (eggs)

Can earthworms invade the respirtatory system of polutry

Syngamus (earthworm carries it)

yes

What are examples of Metastrongyloids “true” lungworms

Aelurostrongylus,

Angiostrongylus,

Crenosoma, Oslerus,

Filaroides, Muellerius,

Protostrongylus,

Metastrongylus

What are examples of Trichostrongyl-oids

Dictyocaulus — the only one outside the gut

What are examples of Syngamids

Syngamus —gapeworm

Examples of Capillarids

Eucoleus — lays eggs, like its cousin Trichuris

Lung fluke examples

Paragonimus

Examples of Nasal parasites

Nasal bot (Oestrus)

Nasal mite (L27)

Most metastrongyloids need a what ? Intermediate host?

snail or slug

Metastrongylus uses a what ? What is their intermedaite host”

earthworm,

Oslerus and Filaroides need what animal ? intertmediate host?

nothing: their larva is infective the moment it is passed.

Dictyocaulus is the odd one out — WHY

a trichostrongyloid that develops on pasture, like the GI worms.

What are the Four ways in — group them by life cycle: direct method factors

§ No intermediate host

§ Dam to pup · kennels · pasture · soil

What are examples of direct method factors parasites

§ Oslerus, Filaroides, Eucoleus, Dictyocaulus

The facts of snails or slugs in the life cycle

§ Host eats a snail, slug — or a mouse, bird or frog that ate one

§ Hunting cats · slug-eating dogs · grazing goats

What are examples of parasites for snail and slugs

§ Aelurostrongylus, Crenosoma, A. vasorum, Muellerius

What are the characteristics of earthworms

§ Host eats an earthworm

§ Outdoor pigs · free-range birds

What are exampels of earthworms parasites

§ Metastrongylus, Syngamus

What are the factors of Snail → crayfish

§ Two intermediate hosts

§ Dogs and cats that eat crayfish

What are examples of parasites for Snail → crayfish

§ Paragonimus

What is the test we used to find Live first-stage larva (L1)

test we use is Baermann

Which parasite do we idenitfy in the Baermann test (find live first stage larva)

Most lungworms

What do test do we do to find eggs

flotation

Which parasite can you find in the flotation (egg)

Eucoleus, Metastrongylus, Syngamus

Which test do we use to find Heavy operculate fluke egg

Sedimentation

Which parasite is found when we used a sedmentation (Heavy operculate fluke egg)

Paragonimus

Oslerus osleri and Filaroides hirthi affect what animal

Dog

Where the adult lives of Oslerus osleri and stage of feces

Nodules at the tracheal bifurcation

L1

The parasite is Filaroides hirthi where do the adults live in and what is the stage in feces

• Lung parenchyma

• L1

What animal is affected by

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

The parasite is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus where do the adults live and what is the feces stage

• Alveolar ducts, terminal bronchioles

• L1

The parasite is Crenosoma vulpis and what animal is affected

Dog

Crenosoma vulpis is the parasite where do the adults live in dogs and what is the feces stages

• Bronchi and bronchioles

• L1

The parasite is Angiostrongylus vasorum what is the host

Dog

Where do Angiostrongylus vasorum live in the dog and what is the stage in the feces

• Pulmonary arteries, right heart

• L1

The parasite is Eucoleus aerophilus what animals does it affect

Dog, cat

the parasite is Eucoleus aerophilus where do they live and what is the stage of the feces

• Egg

• Trachea and bronchi

The parasite is Eucoleus boehmi what is the host that affects them

Dog

Where does the Eucoleus boehmi live

• Nasal cavity and sinuses

• the stage of feces is in eggs

The parasite is Paragonimus kellicotti what is the host

Dog, cat

the parasite is Paragonimus kellicotti where does it live in the host

• Cysts in the lung

• operculate egg

What is the first stage of Oslerus and Filaroides — life cycle

Adults in the airway (Oslerus) or lung (F. hirthi)

What is the second stage of Adults in the airway (Oslerus) or lung (F. hirthi)

Eggs hatch in the lung; L1 coughed up in saliva and feces

What is the third stage of Adults in the airway (Oslerus) or lung (F. hirthi)

L1 is infective at once — no intermediate host

What is the fourth stage of Adults in the airway (Oslerus) or lung (F. hirthi)

Pup swallows L1: dam's licking, regurgitated food, coprophagy

the parastite is Oslerus osleri where do you find them

Nodules at the tracheal bifurcation

Oslerus osleri is the parasite, how do they spread

Dam to pups (saliva)

What is the prepatent stage of Oslerus osleri

Long: larvae at 6–7 months

What is the Autoinfection of Oslerus osleri

Possible

Where do you find Filaroides hirthi

Threaded through lung tissue

How do Filaroides hirthi spread

Coprophagy among puppies

What is the prepatent of Filaroides hirthi

About 5 weeks

Is their an autoinfection of Filaroides hirthi

Inevitable — larvae hatch inside

What is the clinical importance of Oslerus osleri

§ Young dogs — about 6 months to 2 years

§ Harsh, dry cough set off by exercise or cold air; ends in a retch

§ Nodules can obstruct the airway— cyanosis and collapse in pups

§ A kennel and breeding-stock problem

What is the clinical significance of Filaroides hirthi

§ Usually no signs at all — an incidental finding

§ Verminous pneumonia in rare cases

§ Autoinfection → hyperinfection in immunosuppressed dogs — worms multiply in the lung

§ Can be fatal

Long-term corticosteroids can turn a silent F. hirthi into

a fatal hypereinfection

What are the clinical signs of Oslerus and Filaroides —

suspect it in a dog with a chronic cough and a history of exposure (a kennel, or a dam with a known case)

What is the purpose of the Bronchoscopy for Oslerus and Filaroides

the key test for Oslerus: nodules at the carina, larvae (L1) in a transtracheal wash

What is the purpose of Baermann for Oslerus and Filaroides — diagnosis

is less sensitive — these larvae are sluggish and barely migrate

What is the purpose of Zinc sulfate flotation —

L1 in feces, preserves larval morphology

A negative Baermann does not rule out

Oslerus. Think history: a young kennel dog.

How do you control Oslerus and Filaroides

Control — because it spreads dog to dog

How do you treat Oslerus and Filaroides

Treat every dog in contact — the dam, the litter and the kennel mates.

Break dam-to-pup spread — separate or hand-rear pups · clean the environment.

It can become entrenched in breeding kennels — expect to treat more than once.

What is the treatment or drug we used for Oslerus osleri

Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg PO once daily for 7 days (longer courses used); ivermectin or doramectin (extra-label)

What is the drug or treatment for Filaroides hirthi

Albendazole or fenbendazole; stop or reduce the corticosteroid

What is the first stage of Snail-borne lungworms — life cycle

Adults in the lung; L1 coughed up, swallowed, in feces

What is the second stage of Snail-borne lungworms — life cycle

L1 enters a snail or slug→ L3 in 2–5 weeks

What is the third stage of Snail-borne lungworms — life cycle

Or a paratenic host eats the snail (mouse, bird, frog)

What is the fourth stage of Snail-borne lungworms — life cycle

Cat or dog eats the snail or the paratenic host

L3 travel from the gut to the (Snail-borne lungworms — life cycle)

the lungs (lymph, blood) and mature

What host does Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Feline lungworm) live in

Cat, bobcat

Where does the adult stage of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Feline lungworm) live in the cat

Alveolar ducts, terminal bronchioles

What is the usual source of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Feline lungworm)

Prey — mice and birds

What is the prepatent of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Feline lungworm)

5–6 weeks

Is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Feline lungworm) worldwide

yes

What is the host of Crenosoma vulpis (Fox lungworm)

Dog, fox, wolf

Where is the host of Crenosoma vulpis (Fox lungworm) live in the host

Bronchi and bronchioles

What is the usual source of Crenosoma vulpis (Fox lungworm)

Snails and slugs

What is the prepatent of Crenosoma vulpis (Fox lungworm)

About 3 weeks (19 days)