Psych Unit 3 Expieriments

Clapham et al., 2026

• Best friends protect against stress

• Maintain self-esteem

Rose (2002) and Rudolph et al. (2026)

Co-Rumination: lingering on problems leads to higher depressive symptoms

Co-Reappraisal: tries to reframe problems more positively leads to lower depressive symptoms

Altermatt & Broady (2009)

Studied the impact of friends responses to failure on participant.

Participants would fail at a task, and experimenters would bring in a friend

• If the friend co-ruminated or talked badly about the test, participants would have negative characteristics such as not care about school

• If the friend co-reappraised or helped the participant, then they would have positive characteristics, such as work hard in school

Cohen & Prinstein (2006)

Male high schoolers were placed in chatrooms and conformed to the responses of high status peers, privately endorsed aggressive and risky behaviors

Ahn & Rodkin, 2014

Dense friendship networks

AND

Teacher’s awareness of aggression and popularity decreases aggressive boys’ popularity throughout the school year

Dual Failure Model (Patterson)

If children show signs of early aggression/antisocial behavior and they are rejected by their peers (or accepted by deviant peers) and fail and disengage in school, they will have aggression/antisocial behavior in adulthood

Puzzle Study (Dodge, 1980)

Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Boys (2nd-6th grade) worked on a puzzle

During break they heard:

1. Hostile Intent

2. Ambiguous Intent

3. Benign Intent (Accident)

and then their puzzle being destroyed

The found:

1. Both A and N-A retaliated

2. Only A retaliated

3. Neither retaliated (A was able to differentiate that it was an accident)

Lin et al., 2004

Social Media leads to desensitization to violence

Effects of Parenting Styles (Lamborn, Mounts, Steinberg & Dornbusch

Achievement: Authoritative>Authoritarian>Permissive>Neglecting

Drug Use: Permissive>Neglecting>Authoritative>Authoritarian

Internalized Distress: Neglecting>Authoritarian>Permissive>Authoritative

Social Skills: Permissive>Authoritative>Neglecting>Authoritarian

In summary: Generally, Authoritarian is the best parenting style and neglecting is the worst

Wang, Pomerantz, & Chen (2007)

Found that it doesn’t matter whether children live in a collectivist or individual culture because high intrusiveness in parenting leads to a negative effect.

Lansford et al. (2005)

In countries where is it more common to use physical discipline on children, children have less anxiety when their parents use physical discipline

The Strange Situation

1. Child and mother would enter a room

2. Child would explore

3. Stranger would enter and sit quietly, then talk to mom, then talk to baby

4. Mom would leave, stranger offers comfort if baby is distressed

5. Experimenters would watch how the baby reacts to reuniting with the mother

If the baby is easily soothed by caregiver: Secure

If the baby shows little emotion/ avoids caregiver: Avoidant

If the baby is not easily soothed by caregiver: Ambivalent/Resistant

If there is no clear coherent strategy: Disorganized

Marks, 2000

Children (in america) decrease their engagement in school over time

Eccles et al., (1993)

Suggests that children’s lower engagement levels was because there is more emphasis on evaluations, comparison, and children have less autonomy

Galvan, Spatzier & Juvonen (2011)

As (american) children get older they view associate being less engaged in school with coolness.

Wang & Pomerantz (2009)

This phenomenon of becoming less engaged is not universal (China vs. America)

Qu, Pomerantz, Wang, Cheung, & Cimpian (2016)

In America children view engagement in school and familial responsibilities as more associated with younger children

In China children view engagement in school and familial responsibilities as more associated with older children

Carol Dweck

Created the idea of fixed and growth mindsets

Gagliano et al., 2025

Having a fixed mindset leads to higher school enjoyment

Claro, Paunesku, and Dweck (2015)

Having a growth mindset can set you up for success, even more so than more privileged peers with fixed mindsets.

Unfortunately children with less privileges (lower SES) are less likely to have growth mindsets.

Mueller & Dweck, 1998

Praise for people’s effort rather than their ability leads to a growth mindset

Burnette et al., 2003

We can change mindsets, but the lead to a very small difference in academic performance