M1: RAD 120 (Ch 1 & 2)

What joint is found at the epiphyseal growth plate during development?

Synchondrosis

Which surface landmark corresponds approximately to L4-L5?

Superior aspect/top of the iliac crest

What is the lower middle abdominal region called?

Hypogastrium

Where is a common sesamoid bone found in the hand?

Thumb

What is a crest?

A prominent ridge of bone.

What is a sulcus?

A groove or furrow.

Which of the following is considered a radiographic projection?

Axial

Which projection uses a longitudinal CR angle greater than 10° to better visualize a specific anatomic structure?

Axial

What projection results when a patient is placed in an LPO position?

AP oblique

What type of projection is produced when the patient's body is rotated?

Oblique

What requirement must be met to perform a true lateral projection?

The patient must be positioned perfectly sideways with no anterior or posterior rotation.

What position places the patient lying flat on the stomach?

Ventral decubitus

What position places the patient lying on the back?

Dorsal decubitus

What position is used to demonstrate air-fluid levels or free air in the abdomen?

Lateral decubitus with a horizontal CR

How are lateral radiographic positions named?

According to the side of the patient closest to the image receptor.

How is an AP projection performed?

The dorsal surface is against the IR and the CR travels from front to back.

What projection is produced when the CR is perpendicular to the coronal plane during a PA chest?

PA projection

Which body plane is intersected by a perpendicular CR during a PA chest projection?

Coronal plane

What is an LPO position?

Left posterior oblique position producing an AP oblique projection.

Does a long bone angled across the radiograph significantly impair diagnostic value?

No. It may be aesthetically distracting but does not impair diagnostic value.

What happens when OID is increased for lateral finger positioning?

Magnification increases, but distortion is reduced by positioning the finger parallel to the IR.

What type of fracture is both out of alignment and passes through a wound?

Displaced and open fracture

Where do the patient's palms face in the anatomic position?

Forward

Where should the patient's face and eyes point in the anatomic position?

Forward

How should a left lateral chest radiograph be displayed?

The patient's left side should be closest to the monitor screen.

What skeleton contains the long bones of the limbs?

Appendicular skeleton

What type of bones are commonly found in the appendicular skeleton?

Long bones

What type of joints are freely movable?

Diarthroses

What type of joints are partially movable?

Amphiarthroses

What type of joint is the thumb's carpometacarpal joint?

Saddle joint

What type of joint allows rotation around an axis?

Pivot joint

What produces synovial fluid?

The synovial membrane

What is the plural of mediastinum?

Mediastina

What happens to the lungs during expiration?

They contain less air and appear less radiolucent.

What are the four major body planes used in radiography?

Sagittal, coronal, oblique, and horizontal

Where can sesamoid bones commonly be found?

Thumb, foot, and knee

What is an acanthoparietal projection?

A skull projection in which the CR travels from the acanthion toward the parietal region.

What is a submentovertical projection?

A skull projection with the CR directed through the skull from below the chin toward the vertex.

What device can reduce scatter reaching the IR?

Lead shield

What is a technique chart primarily designed for?

Average-size adults

What does kVp primarily control?

Radiographic contrast

What should be done to minimize repeats when making a final positioning adjustment?

Stand with the eyes in line with the x-ray tube position, visualize the internal structures, and then adjust the part.

What should be done when a patient's face will contact the vertical bucky?

Clean the device with disinfectant where the patient can see, or cover it with a clean drape.

Should a radiographer minimize the description of discomfort to reduce anxiety?

No. The patient should receive an honest explanation.

What surface abnormality may appear on a radiograph?

Scars

When should immobilization devices be used?

When necessary, but not to the point of causing discomfort.

What does placement of an R/L marker identify?

The patient's right or left side.

What is one major reason for adjusting positioning for an obese patient?

Compensation may be needed for body habitus.

What landmark can be palpated in a morbidly obese patient?

Jugular notch

What is arthrology?

The study of joints.

What does the coronal plane divide the body into?

Anterior and posterior portions.

What is an oblique plane?

A plane that passes through the body at an angle.

What are the two major subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal and pelvic cavities.

What does LUQ stand for?

Left Upper Quadrant

What portion of the large intestine is located in the RLQ?

Cecum

What other colon is located in the LLQ?

Descending colon

What are the three abdominal regions in the middle row?

Right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar.

What is the center region of the lower abdomen called?

Hypogastric

What body habitus is slightly thinner and less robust than average?

Hyposthenic

What body habitus is large and broad?

Hypersthenic

Which body habitus is the most prevalent/common?

Sthenic

What does the axial skeleton form?

The central axis of the body.

What is an easy way to remember the appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular = appendages/limbs.

Which bone is the longest bone in the body?

Femur

Where are the tarsal bones located?

Ankle/foot

What is the remnant of the growth plate after growth stops?

Epiphyseal line

What part of a long bone is the diaphysis?

The shaft

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone develops by replacing a cartilage model.

Which type of ossification involves a cartilage model?

Endochondral ossification

What is an amphiarthrosis?

A slightly movable joint.

Which type of joint is freely movable?

Synovial

Which functional joint classification is slightly movable?

Amphiarthrosis

What other joint is ball-and-socket?

Hip

What is a tuberosity?

A large rounded projection.

What is a trochanter?

A large projection found on the femur.

What is an oblique fracture?

A fracture that runs diagonally across the bone.

What does recumbent mean?

The patient is lying down.

What is the Trendelenburg position?

The head is lower than the feet.

What is circumduction?

Circular movement of a body part.

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing the toes downward.

Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?

Metatarsal

Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?

Tarsal

What projection uses a CR angled toward the head?

Cephalad axial projection

What projection is associated with the Grashey method?

Shoulder projection

What is the primary reason for including at least one joint when radiographing a long bone?

To determine the precise position of the part and localize any lesion.

How should the long axis of the IR be positioned relative to the part being examined?

Parallel to the long axis of the part.

Which IR position is used most frequently?

Lengthwise

Where is the part usually positioned on the IR?

Centered on the center point of the IR.

Can the IR be positioned diagonally?

Yes. The IR can be positioned lengthwise, crosswise, or diagonally.

When can the standard rule of keeping the body part as close to the IR as possible be modified?

When obtaining lateral images of fingers to position them parallel to the IR.

When is increased OID intentionally used?

When intentional magnification radiography is desired.

What positioning aid is used to keep a body part in the appropriate posture during exposure?

Radiolucent sponge

What does a radiolucent sponge do?

Supports and maintains a body part in the appropriate position during exposure.

Why should at least one joint be included when radiographing a long bone?

To determine the precise position of the part and localize the lesion.

What is the most important consideration when handling a trauma patient with a suspected long-bone fracture?

A physician should perform any necessary manipulation to prevent fragment displacement.

Should a trauma patient always be transferred to the radiographic table?

No. Many severely injured patients can be examined on the stretcher in the position in which they arrive.

Should a trauma patient always be moved into the standard position?

No. The positioning technique should be adapted to the patient and require as little movement as possible.

What type of fracture is considered most serious among the listed choices?

Compound displaced fracture of the fibula.

What type of fracture occurs when the broken bone protrudes through the skin?

Compound (open) fracture

What type of fracture occurs when the bone is not in normal alignment?

Displaced fracture