november test paper 3

What are public schools?

• 1800-1900 =  middle and upper class boys attended public boarding schools e.g. Eton, Harrow and Rugby  

• These schools had lots of money from tuition fees and good facilities, were all male and were organised into house systems 

• Heavily involved in the organisation and promotion of sports 

 

What were the ethics and values promoted in Public School Sport?

• Leadership  

• Fair play  

• Teamwork  

• Courage  

• Respect 

 

What is the 'cult' of athleticism?

• 'Cult' = growing craze/obsession of playing sport  

• Athleticism = developing physical endeavour and moral integrity through sport 

 

What is the impact of athleticism?

• Encouraged effort over winning  

• Encourage the development of codified sports  

• Encouraged to play with fair play and sportsmanship  

 

What is the impact of the 'cult'?

• Large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools in order to develop it  

• Developed leagues (e.g. house system created - interhouse competitions) 

• Ex-schoolboys spread the 'cult' (through old boys network) 

 

Why were they so influential in promoting and organising sports? 

Time on sport: 

• Boarding  

• Believed games were valuable  

Influence of public school head teachers: 

• Well respected and influential  

• Society followed their ideas 

• Thomas Arnold - former headmaster of Rugby School  

Rules: 

• Students developed rules, structure and NGBs for sports (codified) 

Ex pupils promoted games and their ethics: 

• Formation of old boys networks  

• Spread sport in their many different roles after school  

House structure with fixtures and comps: 

• In every sport and extra-curricular activity  

• Competitive  

Money: 

• Facilities, equipment, coaching 

How did the old boys network spread sports?

• University (i.e. Oxbridge) 

• Army officer - spread sports internationally   

• Parent - influence children, send them to the same schools 

• Teacher - promote the importance of sport + teach others their sport  

• Priest/clergy - formed parish teams + joined missionaries travelling internationally 

• Industrialists - keen to start work sports teams 

• Community leaders - i.e. politicians, establishing funding, some held government roles  

What was society like in the 20th century?

• Developments in science/medicine, technology, communication and transport  

• Improvements in work conditions 

• Increased leisure time and disposable income 

• World War I and World War II 

• Physical education became available for all 

• Law and order were fully apparent in society  

• Moving towards gender equality  

What was sport like in the 20th century?

• Spectatorship grew 

• Professionalism was facilitated  

• Sport was made an important tool for morale for troops in the war  

• Development of international sporting events  

• Introduction of public sporting facilities  

• PE made compulsory by the government to teach in all schools 

 

What were social classes like in the 20th + effect on sport?

• Social class divisions became more vague, however still influenced sport choices and opportunities

• Professionalism grew in many sports, but amateur traditions remained in some; this split the classes

What was the impact of gender on sport in the 20th century?

• 1900s onwards moved towards gender equality in society, including education, work, property and the right to vote

• Some sports resisted females participating (e.g. golf)

What was law and order like in the 20th?

Fully established laws and a sense of order in both society and sport

What happened to education in 20th century?

• The Education Act of 1944 made PE compulsory and extra-curricular sport important in all schools

• Introduction of Grammar Schools (11+ academic test to enter)

How did availability of time affect sport in the 20th century?

Further improved working conditions saw a dramatic decrease in the average working week to 40 hours and the introduction of paid holiday = more leisure time for the working class. 

How did transport change in the 20th century?

• Available to everyone, which made sport much more accessible to people

• Cars, buses, airplanes, trains, bikes etc. 

How did availability of money change in the 20th century?

Further improved working conditions saw the introduction of paid holiday and better pay = more disposable income for the working class. 

What was the effect of social class on sport in the 20th?

• Different sports participated in by different classes 

•Professionalism continued to generally be associated with working class 

•Upper/middle class still had more access to wider variety of sports due to time and money 

•Middle class even more opportunities through grammar school 

•Creation of public facilities created greater equity in sport 

What was the effect of gender on sport in the 20th?

• Continued increase in women participating 

•Still less overall participation than men 

•Many women’s sports lacked professionalism (lack of spectatorship → less money to fund it) 

What was the effect of law and order on sport in 20th?

• Still no effect on ‘cruel’ activities for the upper class 

•Sports now fully codified, with minor rule changes made to reduce any remaining violence 

What was the effect of education on sport in 20th?

• Increased participation in sport due to growth of compulsory PE and school sport 

•Grammar schools had accessibility to a wide variety of sports (particularly expensive sports) 

What was the effect of time on sport in 20th?

• Increased leisure time meant increased participation in the working class  

•Increased leisure time meant spectatorship  

•Less working hours meant more energy to participate  

•More and paid holiday meant increased time to participate 

What was the effect of transport in sport in the 20th?

• Increase in participation as it increased accessibility to all sports  

•Increase in competitive fixtures, leagues and competitions  

•Increase in international events  

•Increase in spectatorship, as people could travel widely (including internationally) 

What was the effect of money on sport in 20th?

• Increased disposable income increased participation in the working class  

•Increased disposable income increased spectatorship in the working class  

•Money still differentiated access to certain activities  

•Introduction of public sports facilities created greater equity  

•Professionalism continued/grew for the working class 

What was social class like in 1945-2000?

• Class division remained post WW2 but began to lose influence  

• NHS was founded (1948) 

• Equalisation of food intake - sports became more physical  

 

• Amateurs no longer viewed as better than professionals (especially cricket) 

 

What was gender like in 1945-2000?

• 1967 = first Wimbledon open to male players 

• Tennis was predominantly a female sport  

• Virginia Wade (Wimbledon champion) became a role model for women in sport 

• Increased participation in netball 

• Still a lack of finance and coaching  

• Women's participation in male dominated sports increased  

• Women's boxing ban lifted  

• Women's football banned by the FA after WW1  

What was law and order like in 1945-2000?

• FA refused to allow play on Sundays until 1960 

• Sunday leagues increased amateur participation 

• 1961 = betting shops legalised  

• 1970s crowd control began to be put in place at events  

• Seated stadiums and removal of fences surrounding pitches were required by law  

What was education like in 1945-2000?

• The Education Act 1944 = important to develop a person as a whole  

• PE was compulsory  

• Variety of sports matches organised between schools (mainly rugby and football in boys schools) 

What was availability of time like in 1945-2000?

• Less class divide meant the working class had more time available to play sport  

• Better paying jobs allowed them to work less hours  

What was transport like in 1945-2000?

• Rise of motor vehicles  

• More roads developed  

• Railways were crucial  

• Air travel made European club football possible (1950s)  

• Until mid 1960s international teams still sailed sometimes 

• With planes international sports tours became shorter and more frequent  

What was availability of money like in 1945-2000?

• After WW2 the1948 London Olympics were hosted  

• Called 'Austerity Games' as little money was available  

• Stadiums filled to capacity 

•  Footloose manufacturing meant better pay for workers = more disposable income  

• Leisure facilities were built  

• Manual workers have access to golf and squash  

• Professionals began to earn a liveable wage (late 20th Cent.) 

 

What is corinthian ethic?

The amateur approach to competitive sport, named after the Corithian football club, which was founded in 1881 in response to increasing professionalism in the game

What was men’s football (1900-1945) like?

• Huge crowds came to watch matches 

• Became a form of gambling  

• Past time for labouring classes  

• Played in the armed forces during both world wars (British + German ceasefire and football match, Christmas 1914) 

• Professionals now better than amateurs  

• Match-fixing became a problem due to the bets placed on matches  

• Barely any attempt at crowd safety + control  

What was rugby (1900-1945) like?

• Smaller crowds than football  

• Early 20th century matches were still 'friendly'  

• Rugby union was amateur (frequented by middle and upper class members) 

• 1922 Northern Union renamed itself the Rugby Football League  

• Rugy league became professional, whilst rugby union remained amateur  

• Many coal miners and steelworkers joined the rugby league during the economic slump post war  

What was boxing (1900-1945) like?

• National Sporting Club was founded late 19th Century  

• Boxing tried to move away from disreputable image and was promoted as a 'noble art' 

• Last bare knuckle championship had 75 rounds and took place in 1889 

• Respectability in the sport was reflected in the varsity contests between universities of Oxford and Cambridge  

• Despite the significant membership, few participants turned professional  

 

What was horse racing (1900-1945) like?

• Regarded itself as 'the sport of the kings'  

• Upper classes continued to invest into horse racing and the middle classes followed their lead 

• Working class people were excluded from the higher echelons of racing organisation but were engaged as jockeys and employed in menial tasks relating to horses and course management  

• Betting shops were illegal in Britain until 1961 - placing a bet was only possible on the racecourse  

• Illegal betting venues were widespread and difficult to detect, frequented mainly by the labouring class  

• Drinking culture became synonymous with sport among working classes  

• Alcohol was cheap and public houses opened all day till midnight  

• By 1910 it was estimated that people spent 20 times more on drinking than betting  

• There were over 4000 weekly prosecutions on drunkenness and legalisation was urgently required to address this problem 

• The first world war led to the restricted opening hours of pubs: they were required to close by 10:30pm due to it being believed that alcohol consumption interfered with the war effort 

What are the key impacts of freedom of movement?

1. Athlete mobility  

2. Globalized competition  

3. Economic impact  

4. Legal framework  

 

What is athlete mobility?

Performers can move between clubs/countries, enabling them to seek better wages, training opportunities, or specialized coaching (e.g., European footballers in the Premier League). 

What is global competition?

Facilitates regular international fixtures, tours (e.g., preseason in the USA), and major tournaments like the Olympics or UEFA Champions League 

What is the economic impact of the globalisation of sport?

It boosts the commercialization of sport

• allowing teams to grow their international fanbase

• sell merchandise globally

• maximize revenue 

What is the legal framework of the globalization of sport?

Often supported by international laws, such as the EU Freedom of Movement Act, which allow workers to move freely within certain regions 

 

What is the impact of freedom of movement?

• International fixtures  

• Playing abroad  

• Train (e.g. altitude training) 

What is the equality act?

• 2010  

• UK law that prohibits individuals form discrimination, harassment and victimisation in workplace, education, housing and service contexts  

• Strengthened protection for nine specific protected characteristics 

What are the protected characteristics?

1. Age  

2. Disability  

3. Gender  

4. Mariage / civil partnerships  

5. Pregnancy and maternity  

6. Race  

7. Religion / belief  

8. Sex 

9. Sexual orientation  

 

What are some positives of freedom of movement?

• Performers can seek better clubs and facilities abroad  

• Allows for global competitions  

• International fanbase + commercialism  

• Higher quality of competition  

• Increased earning potential for players  

• Facilitates sharing of training techniques and tactics  

What are some negatives of freedom of movement?

• Wealthy, elite clubs accumulate talent  

• Smaller clubs and leagues lose players 

• Increased financial pressure  

• Frequent movement of players disrupts team dynamics 

What are some positives of equality act?

• Increases inclusivity in sport  

• Protection of women's sport (segregated sport) 

• Improved safety for minority players  

• Raises awareness of discrimination issues  

• Wider, more diverse pool of talented athletes

What are some negatives of equality act?

• Debate over where transgender athletes should compete 

• Creates legal tension between promoting inclusivity and maintaining fair competition 

• Administrative and financial burden of enforcing inclusive policies  

What is globalisation?

• Creation of sport into worldwide business  

• Required media coverage  

• Require freedom of movement of participants and spectators  

What are the characteristics of globalised sports?

1. Extensive worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms

2. Freedom of movement of players

3. Regular international fixtures

4. Sport as a worldwide business/market that generates income

5. Teams and spectators can travel to compete at home and abroad

What are some features of post industrial Britain?

• Urbanisation = growth of cities, which meant lack of free, open space  

• Middle class developed = factory owners  

• Physically demanding factory work with long, low paid hours  

• Railway developed rapidly  

• Women still experiencing inequality, but fighting against it  

• Public school for upper/middle class males. Late 19th century state education introduced 

What was the industrial revolution? 

• A period of major technological and social change  

• From 1850-1900 

What was sport like in Post-Industrial Britain?

• Clearer distinction between work and leisure time  

• Growing sport opportunities for lower classes - upper class still had more access 

• Notion of 'professionalism' grew 

• Sports became 'codified' - mostly occurred in Public schools 

• Codified = introduction of rules and regulations 

• State education = PE = more participation in sports  

• Factory owners discouraged mob games, but encouraged codified sports - they needed a healthy workforce 

What is an amateur?

Taking part for the love of the game, ad for no monetary reward. Traditional 'gentlemanly approach'. 

What is a professional?

Taking part to be paid. Made winning more important and increased competitiveness.

What was class like in post industrial?

• Middle class formed and were sent to public schools to copy the upper class 

• The first rugby teams were rooted in middle class values 

• professional players were considered inferior to gentlemen amateurs in terms of social class 

• Amateurs had better roles e.g. batting in cricket and used separate entrances and changing rooms 

• Working class got weekends off so sought sporting entertainment 

• Professionalism was frowned upon as payment would lead to corruption and destruction of moral Christian values 

 

What was gender like in post industrial?

• During mid 1800s women of all classes were dependent on men 

• In 1870 society began to change and allowed women in schools 

• PE was made compulsory in 1873 

• Cricket, hockey and lax were taught at girls schools 

• Osterberg founded the first women's PE college in London 

• Male dominated society refused to take women's sport seriously until well into 1900s 

What was law and order like in post industrial?

• Football crowds were rowdy and patriarchal 

• Veiled professionalism began as being paid was frowned upon 

• Teams broke away from Rugby Football union and formed the Northern Union 

• Players suspected of appearing in Northern Union would receive a lifetime ban from RFU 

What was transport like in post industrial?

• The spread of railways allowed the possibility of reliable and convenient travel. Fixtures between schools began. 

 

What was money like in post industrial?

• Professionals are able to earn money but are inferior to "amateurs" 

• Players on rugby teams had to ask for compensatory payment of missing out on Saturday morning wages due to missing it to play games, they were denied. 

• Many clubs could not sustain financial outlay and disbanded 

What was education like in post industrial?

• Education act - more people attended school  

• As literacy rate improved, the working classes began to understand written rules and read news items about their teams 

• Girls also went to school in 1870s, which increased the population with an education 

What was availability of time like in post industrial?

• Working class gained rights and the weekend was created. This caused the working classes to seek sporting entertainment 

• Public schools increased the amount of time they were spending on sport and increased its popularity 

What is the definition of motivation?

Our drive to learn and be successful  

What are the two types of motivation?

1. Intrinsic

2. Extrinsic

What is intrinsic motivation?

Our inner drive to participate and be successful. The desire to take part for enjoyment, pride and satisfaction

What is extrinsic motivation?

Our external drive to participate and be successful. The desire to perform for rewards, medals, status and praise or recognition from others

What are examples of extrinsic motivation?

Wanting to take part in a tennis tournament to win a cash prize

Working hard in training as you want to gain praise from the coach

Wanting to win a reward such as a medal at the Olympics

What are examples of intrinsic motivation?

Wanting to learn a tumble turn in swimming to try and get a faster personal best

Wanting to complete a marathon for fun

Wanting to train sprint starts to get a new 100m personal best

What are positives of intrinsic motivation?

• May be more valuable with individual taking part for their own gain 

• May encourage lifelong participation / be more long term  

• More self-sufficient  

• Less pressure placed on outcome 

 

What are negatives of intrinsic motivation?

• May not be enough to maintain the motivation to participate 

•  Cognitive learner may find it difficult and not that enjoyable so may require extrinsic as well  

What are positives of extrinsic motivation?

• May have more of a significant impact 

• May improve confidence 

• Well suited to children - encourages them to start a sport  

• Good for autonomous as winning is achievable  

What are negatives of extrinsic motivation?

• If rewards are removed motivation may decline  

• May not lead to long term participation  

• Large amount of pressure placed on outcome  

• Decreases the enjoyment of participating  

Where was the 1936 Olympics hosted?

Berlin, Germany

What was the 1936 Olympics used for?

• Prior to WW2 Hitler used the events as propaganda  

• Used to promote Aryan as the superior race   

• Used to show efficiency of Germany under Nazi control e.g. big Olympic village, completing stadium on time 

• German athletes trained full time prior to the games = better chance of winning medals 

Where was the 1968 Olympics hosted?

Mexico City

What were the events of the 1968 Olympics?

• Protesting racial inequality.

• Countries threatened to boycott if South Africa was allowed to attend.

• African American athletes (Tommy Smith and John Carlos) protested about lack of civil rights. + black power salute. 

Where was the 1972 Olympics hosted?

Munich, Germany

What were the events of the 1972 Olympics?

• Terrorist attack on members of the Israeli Olympic team.

• Palestinian terrorists held 9 athletes hostage and killed 2, demanding the release of Palestinians from Israeli prisons.

Where was the 1980 Olympics hosted?

Moscow, Russia

What were the events of the 1980 Olympics?

• Held in Moscow  

• Moscow was part of the Soviet Union (Communist federation)  

• Just prior to hosting the games, Soviet Union forces invaded Afghanistan = created conflict that lasted 10 years 

• Jimmy Carter (US president at the time) suggested boycott of the games if Soviet troupes didn't withdraw  

• Led to 65 countries not attending  

• Some athletes went against their governments and compete under the Olympic flag  

• Led to the creation of the 'Liberty Bell Classic' event for the non-attendees to compete in  

 

Where was the 1984 Olympics hosted?

Los Angeles, USA

What were the events of the 1984 Olympics?

• Los Angeles  

• Olympics were in financial difficulties so IOC accepted commercialisation  

• Boycott let by Soviet Union along with 14 other Eastern bloc countries 

• They believed the USA would use the commercialisation to promote 'anti-Soviet propaganda' 

• In response to the boycott of their 1980 games  

• The boycotters organised the 'friendship games' 

What is a global sports event?

 

Any sporting competition (multi or single sport) that takes place at an international level. 

What are the economic pros of hosting a global sporting event?

• Increased tourism to countries can boost their economy 

• Creates jobs 

• Possible increases in trade and exporting = commercial benefits 

• Improved infra-structure e.g. transport  

• Increased investment in local public facilities  

• Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = 'shop window' effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media = more trade and tourism  

What are the political pros of hosting a global sporting event?

• Country gains exposure in the media 

• Culture can be expressed  

• Symbolic – successful host can make government appear successful  

• Employment opportunities may improve government popularity  

• Can bring unity to the country and a sense of purpose which is good for the government = nation building  

• Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = 'shop window' effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media 

What are the sporting pros of hosting a global sporting event?

• Promotes sports and health to country  

• National pride and home crowd support helps athletes from host country to perform better (e.g. 2012 Olympics team GB won a record breaking amount of medals) 

• Raises the profile of the sport and may lead to increased participation 

• New/upgraded sporting venues are built which leaves a positive legacy (e.g. the Copper box arena) 

• Attention can be focused on minority sports which may inspire people to try a new sport  

• May be an increase in funding for the sports involved 

What are the social pros of hosting a global sporting event?

• Community engagement  

• Improved infrastructure which remains after the event has finished (e.g. public transportation and sports facilities) 

• Shop window effect – shows best aspects of a country  

• Develops patriotism  

• Nation building 

• Appeasement = people enjoy the experience  

• Money through tourism = can be spent on local community  

What are the economic cons of hosting a global sporting event?

• Requires expensive facilities to be built which leads to financial debt  

• Facilities may be underused after the event, however the country must still maintain them 

• Bidding for the event if expensive, and if it's not won, the no money coming back in  

• Might lead to debt or financial strain  

• Increase in taxes to local people to fund the event  

• Many jobs created are temporary  

• If events/participants are linked to failure or deviant behaviour, then sponsors can be negatively affected 

 

What are the political cons of hosting a global sporting event?

• High security costs to mitigate threats of terrorism 

• Can be used to promote political agendas  

• Can be used for propaganda  

• Financial cost of hosting may make the political part unpopular  

• If the host nation doesn’t perform well, it may lower national esteem  

• Negative environmental impacts  

• If legacy of event is poor it could reflect badly as public money poorly spent  

• Political protests can look badly on the country  

What are the sporting cons of hosting a global sporting event?

• Whilst it increases participation initially this is not maintained long term after the sporting event  

• Facilities may end up not being used after the event 

• Lesser known non-global sports can suffer with less funding  

• Sport deviance is more likely to be highlighted in the media and will have a negative effect on the sport (e.g. doping in the tour de France) 

• If unsuccessfully hosted, can have a negative effect on the profile of the sport  

• Too much pressure on athletes to succeed 

What are the social cons of hosting a global sporting event?

• Displacement of residents when building new infrastructure 

• Mass influx of tourists places strain on resources  

• Pressure on performers  

• During the event, local prices may increase 

• Focus and investment given to the event rather than long term local issues 

• The benefits may not be relevant or felt by the majority of local people 

• Positive effects may be short-lived and leave other problems behind  

• May cause resentment in other areas/countries  

Who founded the modern olympics?

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

What was the modern olympics inspired by?

Ancient Olympics

Much Wenlock Games (multi-sport event)

19th century public schools after he visited Rugby

When was the first modern olympics?

1896 in Athens, Greece

When was the IOC set up in?

1894 in Paris

What are the aims of the Modern Olympics Games?

Develop equality

Unite people / create international friendships

Develop respect

Teach fair play / sportsmanship

Develop peace

Educate

Promote development of physical and moral qualities

What are the olympic values?

Respect

Excellence

Friendship

Courage

Determination

Inspiration

What do the IOC (international Olympic Committee) do?

Oversee the organisation of the Olympics i.e., rules, event timetables etc.

Selects host city

Manages commercialisation of the games

What is the BOA (British Olympic Association)?

Select team GB

Liase with other elite sport organisations i.e.. UK Sport, IOC

Complete Olympic bid to host

Allocate sponsors to athletes

Prepares and supports team GB i.e.. Training camps, workshops etc.