Bio Organelle Random Stuff

Stuff

Exocytosis

The process by which a cell releases substances outside the cell when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Gap junction

A connection between animal cells that allows small molecules and ions to pass directly between cells.

Parts of the endomembrane system

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

Plasmodesmata

Small channels through plant cell walls that connect neighboring cells and allow materials and signals to pass between them.

DNA is wrapped around?

Histone proteins.

Capsule and pili

A capsule is a protective outer layer of some bacteria, while pili are short hair. The bacterial capsule is primarily for protection, but pili are mainly for attachment and genetic transfer rather than direct defense

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures that help cells move.

Structure of mitochondria

Mitochondria have an outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, intermembrane space, and matrix.

Structure of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts have an outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, and grana.

Structure of Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, with a cis side that receives materials and a trans side that ships them out.

Cis side of Golgi apparatus

The side of the Golgi apparatus that receives vesicles and materials from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Trans side of Golgi apparatus

The side of the Golgi apparatus that sends modified and sorted materials to their destinations in vesicles.

Lumen

The internal space inside a membrane

What is cytoplasm?

The jelly-like substance inside a cell that surrounds the organelles and contains the cytosol and other cell components.

What is the material the cell wall of a prokaryote is made of?

Peptidoglycan.

Why is cell compartmentalization important?

It separates different cellular processes into specialized areas, allowing reactions to occur efficiently and under the proper conditions.

What cell walls have chitin?

Fungi have cell walls made primarily of chitin.

Function of vacuoles

Vacuoles store water, nutrients, waste, and other substances; in plants, the central vacuole also helps maintain cell pressure and support.

Sugar in plant vs animal

Plants store sugar mainly as starch, while animals store sugar mainly as glycogen.

Lysosomes and peroxisomes both contain?

Enzymes that break down or process substances in the cell.

Which organelles contain DNA?

The nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Shape of Smooth ER - Tubular structure

Nucleolus - No membrane

Autophagy

Autophagy - The process by which a cell breaks down and recycles damaged or worn-out organelles and cellular components.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death in which a cell is safely broken down and removed from the body.

Lysosomes

Membrane-enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes; acidic interior (pH about 5)

Smooth ER breaks down?

glycogen

Endosymbiosis theory

Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living bacteria, engulfed by ancestral eukaryote

mitochondria converts what to what?

from glucose to ATP

chloroplasts converts what to what?

from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates

When cell prepares to divide what happens?

chromatin fibers coil up as separate structures, chromosomes