AP world history- unit 1 - Global tapestry + trade of exchange

WE are so cooked

East Asia, Dar al-islam, Asia, Americas, Europe

world regions or civilizations in early history - Global tapestry

The silk roads, Mongol Empire, Indian ocean, Cultural Consequences, environmental consequences

of trade and interaction between these regions during the early period of globalization. These interactions facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture, significantly impacting societies across the globe.

Buddhism

Middle Way, Nirvana, eightfold Path, dharma

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing morality, social harmony, and respect for hierarchy and tradition within society.

Bureaucracy

A system of government in which most of the decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. It often includes various departments and agencies responsible for specific functions.

Taoism

Found by Lao Tsu, Tao te Qing, harmony with nature. Taoism is a philosophical and religious tradition emphasizing living in harmony with the Tao, which is the fundamental principle that is the source of all existence.

Imperial exam/ Civil service exam

A rigorous testing system in Imperial China for selecting government officials based on merit, particularly emphasizing knowledge of Confucian texts and principles.

Champa Rice

Fast growing rice that can be harvested 2-3 times the same season, allowing people to also increase the amount of calories they take. This led to increased population.

Japan and Korea

Both countries are affected/ influenced by China’s cultural and political systems, leading to the adoption of Chinese writing systems, Buddhism, and Confucian principles.

Mandate of Heaven

A Chinese political doctrine that established the divine right of rulers to govern, allowing for the justification of their authority based on the perceived favor of heaven.

Song China

A period that lasted around 300 hundred years (960-1279) . First paper money, Champa rice tribute, foot-binding, neo-confucianism

Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was established by the Mongols in China, ruling from 1271 to 1368, and marked the first time the entire country was governed by a foreign power. Marco polo visits, mongol invasion of Japan.

Ming dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was the ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644, known for its trade expansion, cultural achievements, and the establishment of a centralized bureaucratic system. Grand canal, forbidden city, zhenghe sea work.

China’s influence on Vietnam

refers to the cultural, political, and social impact that China had on Vietnam throughout history, particularly in areas such as government, agriculture, and religion, heavily influenced by Confucianism and Chinese writing systems.

Gender roles in Song China

Gender roles in Song China were characterized by Confucian values that emphasized the subservience of women and their primary roles in the household, while men were expected to be the dominant figures in society. Women's activities were largely restricted to family life, affecting their status and education.

Scholar-gentry

Elite social class of highly educated, wealthy land owners and civil service high scorers.

Feudalism

A social and political system in medieval Europe and Japan characterized by the exchange of land for military service, where nobles held power and peasants worked the land.

Japan vs Europe feudalism system

The feudalism systems in Japan and Europe were both hierarchical and based on land ownership and military service, but they differed in social structure and cultural practices, with Japan emphasizing loyalty to a shogun and samurai, while Europe was organized around lords and vassals.

Feudalism Japan

Samurai did not win land, daimyo did. Morality is completely based on duty and loyalty to the system inspired by confucianism and Buddhism. Japan operated under a dual structure where a symbolic, divine Emperor held little practical power. Samurai embraced honor in death and would commit ritual suicide after a defeat.

Feudalism Europe

Knights received direct ownership of land from their lords and managed the serfs working on it. Feudal bonds were legal, contractual agreements rooted in Roman law and Christian traditions. Christian law prohibited suicide, and knights generally tried to avoid death.

open-field system

A medieval agricultural system where land was divided into strips and farmed collectively by peasants. It allowed for shared resources and rotation of crops to maintain soil fertility.

hanseatic league

A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and towns in northern Europe that facilitated trade and ensured economic prosperity during the late Middle Ages.

Printing Press

A revolutionary invention by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed for the mass production of books and dissemination of knowledge, significantly impacting literacy and the spread of ideas in Europe during the Renaissance.

Black death/ bubonic plague

A devastating pandemic that swept through Europe and Asia in the 14th century, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It resulted in the death of millions and led to significant social, economic, and cultural changes.

Horse collar

A technological innovation that improved the efficiency of plowing and transportation by allowing horses to pull heavier loads without choking, significantly enhancing agricultural productivity in medieval Europe.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to the will of Allah and the teachings of the Quran. It is one of the world's major religions, with a diverse following that spans the globe.

Islamic cultural and intellectual achievements

Libraries in Greek and islamic, polymaths like al-razi/Ibn Sina and Greek medical knowledge, persian polymaths Nasir al-din tusi finds trigonometry, A’ishah bint Yusuf al-Bauniyyah Sufi Poet- the most profilic female Arabic writer, Sufi orders.

Bedouins

Nomadic Arab tribes who traditionally inhabit desert regions, known for their herding and trading activities. They played a key role in the cultural and economic exchanges in pre-Islamic Arabia.

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate in Islamic history, established in 750 CE, known for its cultural flourishing and scientific advancements, marked by the establishment of Baghdad as a major intellectual center.

Mamluks and Seljuks

The Mamluks were a military class that ruled Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to 16th centuries, noted for their cultural achievements and architectural innovations. The Seljuks were a Turkish dynasty that established a sizable empire in the Middle East during the 11th century, playing a significant role in the promotion of Sunni Islam and the protection of trade routes.

Social practices of Muslim rulers to diverse populations

were marked by tolerance and integration, allowing various religious and ethnic groups to coexist. This inclusivity helped facilitate trade and cultural exchanges across their empires.

Hindu beliefs

are centered around concepts such as dharma (duty), karma (action and consequence), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth). They incorporate a variety of deities and philosophies, reflecting a diverse spiritual landscape. From the blend of the Indus Civilization and Vedic traditions, Hinduism evolved into a complex and vibrant religion. Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva.

The interactions between Hindu states and Muslim states

resulted in a rich exchange of culture, trade, and ideas, often leading to syncretic traditions and the blending of religious practices. These interactions influenced art, architecture, and societal structures in both religious contexts.

Hindu state names

Vijayanagara, Rajput, Khmer Empires

Muslim states

Mamluk, Delhi, ilkhanate, Ottoman, Mali Empires

bhakti movement

A popular Hindu devotional movement that grew during this era, emphasizing personal emotional devotion to specific gods (like Vishnu or Shiva) and helping unify local populations regardless of strict social hierarchies.

Political fragmentation in South asia

After the fall of the Gupta Empire, South Asia remained politically divided into competing regional kingdoms rather than a single unified empire.

Dai Viet

Between 1200 and 1450, experienced a definitive "golden age" of military brilliance, cultural consolidation, and political transformation. This critical era of AP World History was defined by the rise and fall of dynasties, existential threats from Mongol and Ming invasions, and a deep-seated cultural evolution. Dai Viet was a kingdom located in present-day Vietnam, known for its advancements in trade, agriculture, and a unique culture that blended indigenous and external influences.

borobudur is a

large Buddhist temple complex in Indonesia, built in the 8th and 9th centuries. It is renowned for its intricate carvings and represents a significant architectural achievement in the spread of Buddhism across Southeast Asia.

africa

Villages generated food and resource surpluses, which evolved into bustling coastal cities like Kilwa Kisiwani, Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Mogadishu. East African trading states.Grew from small farming and fishing villages into wealthy, independent urban centers driven by maritime commerce across the Indian Ocean.These city-states remained largely self-governing under local rulers or sultans, controlling their own regional territories and commercial activities without central interior empires.

Bantu migration

Bantu-speaking communities settled along the fertile East African coast by 1000 CE, establishing agricultural and trading roots

connections of Africa to the indian ocean world

Monsoon winds to travel, exports and imports such as gold, ivory, salt, tortoise shells and frankincense. In return they would get chinese porcelain, indian textiles and Persian pottery. Trade brought deep cross-cultural exchanges, blending African traditions with Islamic and Asian influences to create the unique Swahili language, architecture, and religious tolerance.

Monsoon winds

Predictable seasonal winds allowed sailors to travel easily; southern winds carried ships to Africa from November to January, while northern winds pushed them back to Asia between April and August.

African political traditions

Between 1200 and 1450, local ——- traditions seamlessly integrated with external influences like Islam and trans-Saharan or Indian Ocean trade, rather than being replaced by them. They adopted foreign administrative tools and religions to boost their authority, yet they maintained core indigenous practices to preserve internal stability and legitimacy.

Mali empire

Adopted islam, rulers got the title mansa and relied on indigenous concepts of spiritual legitimacy, traditional praise-singers (griots), and local lineage councils. found by sundeita keita.

Swahili coast

adopted islam, Governed by traditional bantu-based kinship structures and local elites; rulers blended Islamic sultanate titles with local African governance norms.

axum/ ethiopia

marks a critical era of transition, reorganization, and imperial expansion in medieval Ethiopia. While the original Kingdom of Axum (Aksum) had already declined as a commercial and political capital by the 10th century, its cultural, linguistic, and religious foundations directly shaped the two major dynasties that ruled during this period: the Zagwe dynasty and the restored Solomonic dynasty, ancient Axumite heritage and Ge'ez language, solidified the authority of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and created a powerful geopolitical state capable of defending itself against foreign interests for centuries to come. orthodox/Christian/ muslim

kilwa kisiwani

a historically rich medieval island city-state off the coast of modern-day Tanzania that controlled the East African gold trade

Inca empire

their vast empire, called Tawantinsuyu, through centralized political administration, a sophisticated labor tax system, and an extensive communications network across the Andes. The Sapa Inca, Four quarters, bureaucracy. Diplomacy and force, hostage idols, resettlement. No currency, mi’ta system, return favors with food.

Incan roads, public works, labor obligations

Qhapaq Ñan Road Network: An impressive 25,000-mile road system connected the coast, high mountains, and jungles, featuring suspension bridges and stone steps.

The Mita System: Households paid taxes through public service rather than goods or cash, contributing two to three months of labor each year to farm state lands, weave textiles, or build roads and fortresses.

indian Ocean trade

A network of maritime trade routes that connected East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas. It played a crucial role in the economic and cultural interactions among several civilizations from the 7th to the 16th centuries. Includes Swahili coast, Hormuz center, Calicut in the west, Malacca from the southeast, China. Diasporic merchant communities fostered high levels of cultural tolerance and spread religions like Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

Technologies of Indian trade network

Compasses, astrolabes, large ships like China, Arabic dhows increased cargo capacity.

Zhenghe’s voyages

The fleets sailed through Southeast Asia (Java, Sumatra, Malacca), crossing the Indian Ocean to India's Malabar coast (Calicut). Later voyages pushed further west into the Persian Gulf (Hormuz), the Arabian Peninsula, and the Swahili coast of East Africa (Mogadishu, Malindi).

Exchange of Goods: The fleets carried Chinese silk, porcelain, jade, and copper coins to trade for local luxuries.

Return Cargo: They returned to China with spices, ivory, medicinal herbs, precious gems, and exotic animals like giraffes.

Tribute System: Rather than establishing colonies, the missions integrated foreign rulers and ports into the Ming tributary trade system.

Trans Saharan trade

A network of trade routes across the Sahara Desert that facilitated the exchange of goods such as gold, salt, and slaves between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. It played a significant role in connecting different cultures and economies from the 8th to the 16th centuries.

Mongol Empire

A vast empire that united many territories across Asia and Europe during the 13th and 14th centuries, known for its military prowess, trade facilitation along the Silk Road, and cultural exchanges between East and West. The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in history, spanning vast regions across Asia and Europe. It significantly influenced trade and cultural exchanges across the Silk Road by promoting the movement of goods, ideas, and technologies between different civilizations.

Genghis Khan ( Temujin)

The founder of the mongol empire, Born near Lake Baikal, his father was poisoned by rival Tatars when Temüjin was nine, leading his family to be abandoned and forced into poverty on the steppes. Unification: Through strategic alliances, military skill, and promoting people based on merit rather than noble birth, he united the fractured nomadic tribes of Mongolia. Universal Ruler: In 1206, an assembly of tribal leaders proclaimed him Genghis Khan, meaning "universal ruler". He led devastating and highly disciplined campaigns across Asia, conquering parts of northern China (such as the Western Xia and Jin dynasties) and sweeping westward into Central Asia, defeating the Khwarazmian Empire. His armies utilized rapid cavalry mobility, psychological warfare, and advanced siege techniques. He died on August 18, 1227, during a campaign against the Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia, and his burial site remains a secret.

Mongol Expansion led to

the establishment of trade networks and cultural exchanges across Eurasia, facilitating the movement of goods, ideas, and technologies through the Silk Road. It also contributed to the integration of diverse cultures and the spread of innovations such as gunpowder and paper. Politically, it led to the consolidation of power under the Mongol Empire and influenced the political landscape in various regions. And economically, it stimulated commerce and trade across Asia and Europe, enhancing wealth and interconnectedness among different civilizations.

What did mongol conquests do to major cities and states

Mongol conquests often resulted in the destruction of major cities and states, leading to significant loss of life and infrastructure. However, they also established new trade routes and facilitated cultural exchange, integrating conquered regions into a vast network of commerce and communication.

Bubonic plague

was a deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted through fleas and rodents. It caused widespread mortality during the 14th century, significantly impacting population and trade in Europe and Asia. It led to significant economic and social upheaval, resulting in labor shortages and shifts in social structures. The plague's spread along trade routes also illustrated the interconnectedness of regions during this period.

Baghdad

was a major cultural and intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age, known for its advancements in science, literature, and philosophy. It served as a crucial hub in trade networks that facilitated exchanges of ideas and goods between East and West.

Consequences of the black death in afro-eurasia

The consequences of the Black Death in Afro-Eurasia included drastic population decline, economic disruption, and social upheaval. It led to labor shortages, changes in social hierarchies, and shifts in power dynamics, as survivors demanded higher wages and better working conditions.