physio: INTEGUMENTARY

Integumentary system

The body system composed of the cutaneous membrane and subcutaneous layer.

Cutaneous membrane

The membrane that forms the external covering of the body

Epidermis

The superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane

Dermis

The deeper layer of the cutaneous membrane

Accessory structures

Structures associated with the skin, such as hair, nails, and glands.

Subcutaneous layer

The layer beneath the cutaneous membrane, also called the hypodermis.

Hypodermis

Another name for the subcutaneous layer.

Integumentary system

this system functions in protection, and temperature maintenance

Integumentary system

this system functions in Synthesis and storage of nutrients, Sensory reception, and Excretion and secretion

Epidermis

This component includes the hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, and epidermal ridge

hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, and epidermal ridge

the epidermis includes the: ?

Dermis

This component includes the dermal papilla, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, sweat gland duct

dermal papilla, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, sweat gland duct

dermis includes the: ?

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

this component includes the touch and pressure receptors, hair follicle, artery, vein, sweat glands, nerve fibes, fat

touch and pressure receptors, hair follicle, artery, vein, sweat glands, nerve fibes, fat

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis includes the:?

Epidermis

a stratified squamous epithelium, and has several dustinct cell layers

thick

this skin type has five layers and is found on palms and soles

thin

this skin type has four layers, and is found on the rest of the body

• Stratum germinativum

• Stratum spinosum

• Stratum granulosum

• Stratum lucidum (in thick skin)

• Stratum corneum

what are the cell layers of the epidermis?

Stratum germinativum

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new keratinocytes are produced.

Stratum spinosum

The epidermal layer directly above the stratum germinativum, and acts as the skin's active growth factory. Single-layered cells continuously divide here.

Stratum granulosum

The epidermal layer where keratin production increases and cells begin to die.

Stratum lucidum

The clear, translucent layer found only in thick skin such as the palms and soles.

Stratum corneum

The outermost epidermal layer composed mainly of dead, keratinized cells.

Stratum germinativum

layer of the epidermis that is in the basal layer, has stem cells, and melanocytes

Stratum germinativum

this layer of the epidermis is where cell division occur and it is also the source of replacement cells

melanocytes

this synthesizes melanin

Stratum spinosum

a spiny layer of the epidermis and is superficial to stratum germinativum

Stratum granulosum

a grainy layer that have keratin granules in cytoplasm. No cell division occurs in this layer

Stratum lucidum

a clear layer in epidermis

Stratum corneum

the most superficial layer of the epidermis that has a flattened (squamous) cells. This layer has dead cells and there is an abundance of keratin

keratin

a tough, water-resistant protein

melanocytes, carotene, hemoglobin

what are the diff sources of skin color

melanocytes

this makes melanin, provides UV protection, and gives redding-brown to brown-black color

melanin

__ provides UV protection

carotene

this contributes orange-yellow color and is provided from diet

hemoglobin

this gives blood pigment

UV radiation

this can activate synthesis of vit D3

UV radiation

this can cause sun burn, wrinkles, premature aging, malignant melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma

Epidermis

is a multi-layered, flexible, self-repairing barrier that prevents fluid loss, provides protection from UV radiation, produces vitamin D3, and resists damage from abrasion, chemicals, and pathogens

Papillary layer

this layer of the dermis underlies epidermis and is named for dermal papillae

dermal papillae

papillary layer is a layer of the dermis and is named for __

Papillary layer

this layer of the dermis has loose connective tissue, supports and nourishes epidermis

Papillary layer

this layer of the dermis provides sensory nerves, lymphatics and capillaries

Reticular layer

this layer of the dermis that is a tough, dense, fibrous layer

Reticular layer

this layer of the dermis has collagen and elastic fibers

Collagen fibers

this limit stretch

Elastic fibers

this provide flexibility

Reticular layer

Blends into papillary layer (above); Blends into subcutaneous layer (below)

Dermis

provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues.

Dermis

It is highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment

Subcutaneous Layer

this component of integumentary system is composed of loose connective tissue and safely receives hypodermic needles

hypodermic

Subcutaneous Layer safely receives __ needles

Subcutaneous Layer

this stabilizes skin position (loosely attached to dermis and muscle), and contains many fats cells

Subcutaneous Layer

this provides thermal insulation and cushions underlying organs

hair follicle

a hair that is made up of a shaft, medulla, cortex, cuticle, arrector pili muscle

arrector pili muscle

this is responsible for “goose bumps” feeling

shaft

This is the portion of the hair that projects above the surface of the skin.

medulla

This is the portion of the hair that projects above the surface of the skin.

cortex

This is the thick middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength and contains pigment.

cuticle

This is the outermost layer of the hair shaft, made of overlapping, scale-like cells that protect the inner layers.

arrector pili muscle

This is the small smooth muscle attached to a hair follicle that contracts and pulls the hair upright.

0.3 mm

This is the average rate at which human hair grows each day.

2-5 years

The typical length of time that a hair actively grows is _____.

follicle rest

During this stage, the hair follicle stops actively producing a growing hair.

2-5 years

A hair follicle may remain in its resting stage for approximately _____.

follicle reactivation

This process occurs when a resting hair follicle becomes active again and begins producing a new hair.

Old hair shedding

This occurs when the old hair is released from the follicle and falls out.

Sebaceous glands

These are accessory structures of the integumentary system commonly known as oil glands.

oil glands

Sebaceous glands are accessory structures of the integumentary system commonly known as __.

holocrine gland

This type of gland releases its entire cell, which disintegrates to release its secretion.

Sebaceous glands

this gland in accessory structures have holocrine gland and is for oily secretion

sebum

This is the oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands.

sebum

This substance lubricates the hair shaft and helps prevent it from becoming dry and brittle.

Sebaceous follicle

This is the structure associated with a hair follicle that is used as skin lubricant and for skin waterproofing

apocrine, merocrine

what are the two types of sweat glands

Apocrine

this type of sweat glands has an odorous secretion that makes it ‘funky.

Apocrine

this type of sweat gland is absent before puberty and can be found in axilla, areola, groin

merocrine

this type of sweat gland produces watery sweat (~1% NaCl)

~1% NaCl

merocrine is a sweat gland that produces how many percent of what substance

merocrine

this type of sweat gland is for heat loss and is widely present in skin (up to 500/cm2)

skin

plays a major role in controlling body temperature.

skin

It acts as a radiator, with the heat being delivered by the dermal circulation and removed primarily by the evaporation of sweat or perspiration.

nail

this accessory structure has a body, bed, root, cuticle, lunula

nail nody

a part of the nail that has a dense mass of keratinized cells

eponychium

cuticle is also known as __

cuticle

__is also known as eponychium

nail root

this part of the nail is the site of growth

inflammation, scab formation, cell division and migration, scar formation

enumerate the four stages in skin healing

inflammation

this stage in skin healing is where the blood flow increases and phagocytes are attracted

inflammation

Bleeding occurs at the site of injury immediately after the injury, and mast cells in the region trigger this stage in skin healing

scab formation

after several hours of the injury, this stage in skin healing is where cells of the stratum germinativum are migrating along the edges of the wound. Phagocytic cells are removing debris, and more of these cells are arriving with the enhanced circulation in the area. Clotting around the edges of the affected area partially isolates the region.

cell division and migration

One week after the injury, this stage of skin healing is where the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the meshwork produced by fibroblast activity. Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the fibrin clot is disintegrating.

scar formation

After several weeks, this stage in skin healing is where the scab has been shed, and the epidermis is complete. A shallow depression marks the injury site, but fibroblasts in the dermis continue to create scar tissue that will gradually elevate the overlying epidermis.

first-degree burn

what classfication of burns is this: superficial cells of epidermis is killed and depper layers of the epidermis, papillary dermis has been injured. This classifcation also appeared to be inflamed and tender

second-degree burn

what classfication of burns is this: superficial and deeper cells of epiderms are killed and dermis may be affected. Damage may extend into reticular layer of the dermis, but many accessory structures are unaffected

second-degree burn

what classfication of burns appears to have blisters and is very painful

third-degree burn

what classfication of burns is this: all epidermal and dermal cells ae killed, and hypodermis and deeper tissues and organs are injured. This classification also appears charred and has no sensation at all

Skeletal System

Provides structural support • Synthesizes vitamin D3, essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption (bone maintenance and growth)

Muscular System

Contractions of skeletal muscle pull against skin of face, producing facial expressions important in communication