HOSA Carbs

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Why is glucose called the blood sugar?

Because it circulates in the blood stream.

What monosaccharide is the body's source of energy?

Glucose

What sugar has the sweetest taste?

Fructose

What does fructose occur in?

In all fruits and honey

What is galactose bonded to?

Glucose

Glucose and Galactose=

lactose (milk sugar)

What are the 3 disaccharides?

sucrose, lactose, maltose

What is the sugar you use in recipes?

Sucrose

One glucose molecule and one fructose molecule make...

Sucrose

Glucose+ glucose=

Maltose

Lactose serves as a source of energy for...

Breast-fed infants

Polysaccharides

Are linked in long straight chains or branched chains.

What are the polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, cellulose (Fiber)

What polysaccharide is stored in plants?

starch

What is starch made of?

Many glucose molecules bonded together

High starch foods

potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, corn

Dietary fibers

Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignins that make up the tough cell walls of plants

Functional fibers

The isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial effects in human health.

Simple carbohydrates

Foods include table sugars, candy, and soft drinks.

Complex carbohydrates

Foods high in starch and fiber. Include bread, cereals, rice, pasta, and vegetables.

Functions of carbohydrates

primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox and adding bulk to the diet.

What is formed when fats are not broken down properly?

Ketone bodies

Ketosis symptoms

Nausea, weak, trembling, acetone breath

Fiber

a complex carbohydrate that the body is unable to digest

What foods have lots of glucose?

Pure corn syrup, honey, grapes, figs, and commercial sports drinks.

What foods are high in fructose?

High-fructose corn syrup, honey, apples, pears, agave nectar, and soft drinks.

What foods are high in galactose?

Rarely alone; metabolized from dairy products, celery, beets, and avocados.

What foods are high in sucrose?

White table sugar, brown sugar, maple syrup, sugar cane, and sweet peas.

What foods are high in lactose?

Milk, yogurt, ice cream, soft cheeses, and whey protein.

What foods are high in maltose?

Malted barley, molasses, beer, cereal grains, and sprouted seeds.

What foods are high in starch

Potatoes, corn, white/brown rice, pasta, bread, legumes, and oats.

What foods are high in fiber?

Oats, beans, chia seeds, broccoli, apple skins, and whole wheat.

What are some carbohydrate allergies?

You cannot be allergic to a carbohydrate. You can only be allergic to proteins

Celiac's disease

Reaction to gluten, which is the storage protein found wrapped around wheat starch kernels.

Diabetes Mellitus

• Chronic hyperglycemia caused by an absolute lack of insulin (Type 1) or peripheral insulin resistance (Type 2) where cells fail to uptake glucose.

What are risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus?

Physical inactivity, Obesity, High-Sugar Diet, Smoking, Poor Sleep, Race, Genetics/Family History, and being over 45.

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose

Risk factors for lactose intolerance

Older age, certain ethnic backgrounds.

Secondary risk factors for lactose intolerance

Gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn's, and Celiacs and certain medications.

Von Gierke's Disease (GSD Type I):

Defect in the enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphatase. The liver cannot release glucose into the blood between meals. It causes severe fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and massive hepatomegaly (enlarged liver packed with trapped glycogen).

Pompe's Disease (GSD Type II):

• Defect in Acid Alpha-Glucosidase (a lysosomal enzyme). Glycogen builds up inside lysosomes, destroying muscle tissue. It presents as severe cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) and infantile hypotonia ("floppy baby syndrome").

Cori's Disease (GSD Type III):

Defect in the Glycogen Debranching Enzyme. The body can only break down the outer layers of glycogen. Symptoms look like a milder version of Von Gierke's.

Andersen's Disease (GSD Type IV):

Defect in the Glycogen Branching Enzyme. The body builds abnormal, long, straight glycogen chains that look like foreign bodies. This triggers an immune attack, causing progressive liver cirrhosis and early death.

McArdle's Disease (GSD Type V):

• Defect in Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase. Muscles cannot break down glycogen for energy. It presents as severe muscle cramping and myoglobinuria (burgundy-colored urine from muscle breakdown) during the first few minutes of intense exercise.

Favism (G6PD Deficiency):

• linked genetic condition named for its trigger: Fava beans. Eating fava beans or taking certain oxidative drugs causes a breakdown of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase pathway, resulting in massive acute hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells).

Tarui's Disease (GSD Type VII):

Defect in Phosphofructokinase (PFKM), a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. It mimics McArdle's disease, causing exercise-induced muscle fatigue and cramping, but adds a mild hemolytic anemia component.