honors bio 4.1 4.2 quest

cell theory

states that all living things are composed of cells and that cells came from earlier cells

prokaryotic cell

type of cell without membrane bound organelles. simple and small structure that contains a membrane, DNA, and a nucleus like eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cell

type of cell with membrane bound organelles, more complex than prokaryotic cells. both have membranes, nucleuses, and DNA

cell membrane/plasma membrane

a flexible barrier that surrounds every living cell, separating its internal contents from the outside enviornment.

organelles

structures within the cell that carry out specific functions

cytosol

jellylike fluid that suspends organelles

chromosomes

structures made of tightly wounded DNA

ribosomes

organelles that make protein, protein synthesis. they translate genetic instructions to build proteins

nucleus

contains, stores, and protects DNA. control center of the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum

main function is the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

responsible for lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Golgi apparatus

functions as the cell’s shipping and handling department. it modifies, sorts, tags, and packages proteins and lipids arriving from the ER

Vesicles

small, membrane bound sacs used to transport and store materials as they move

mitochondiria

the powerhouse of the cell, they perform cellular respiration to convert gluclose into energy

lysosomes

the cell’s waste disposal and recycling system, breaking down debris and foreign invaders like bacteria

vacuole

water storage in the cell

cytoplasm

gel-like fluid (cytosol), provides the physical enviornment where chemical reactions take place

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers that maintain the cell’s shape, secures organelles in place, and gives tracks to moving vascles

plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, plasmalemma

3 other names for the cell membrane

proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

other compoinents in the cell membrane besides the phospholipids

phosphate heads

hydrophilic head of the phosphate, allowing it to interact with the water it wants

phosphate tails (fatty)

hydrophobic inward end of the phosphate, facing eachother in the center of the membrane to avoid the water

structure of the cell membrane

fluid, 2 layers of phospholipids, main compoinents: phosolipids, protiens, cholesterol, and carbohydrates