SAS 17 | Biotechnology Applications

Flashcards covering biotechnology applications, molecular genetic techniques, reproductive technologies, and cloning procedures from VEM007 Principles of Animal Breeding and Genetics.

Biotechnology applications to __________ rather than replace conventional breeding should be the norm in animal breeding.

supplement

Biotechnology in the areas of biochemical and physiological genetics, molecular genetics, and reproduction or __________ may enhance genetic progress in farm animals.

artificial breeding

According to Bondoc (2008), biotechnology enhances genetic progress through improvements in breeding value estimation accuracy, selection intensity, generation interval, and __________ among individuals.

genetic variation

According to Bondoc (2008), biotechnology enhances genetic progress through improvements in genetic variation, selection intensity, breeding value estimation accuracy, and __________.

generation interval

Technologies that either permit direct change in the frequency of gene or genotype, or change life history characteristics to make a disproportionate contribution to the zygomatic pool, are termed __________.

genetic engineering

In molecular genetics techniques, the breeder may be able to control and create new __________.

genetic variations

The molecular marker (DNA Fingerprinting) technique abbreviated as RLFP stands for __________.

restriction fragment length polymorphism

In molecular genetics, techniques such as RFLP, hypervariable minisatellite DNA sites, oligonucleotide probes, and microsatellite analysis are used to identify individuals, breeds, lines, or strains and verify __________.

parentage

The application of molecular genetics aimed at eliminating the effects of undesirable genes is the removal or blocking of __________.

undesirable genes

In molecular genetics applications to animal improvement, altering structures is applied specifically to change product composition and improve its __________ or efficiency.

quality

In candidate evaluation, molecular techniques are used to identify animals bearing undesirable or __________ genetic characteristics.

desirable

In the evaluation of candidates for selection, genetic marker information is used in conventional selection or indirect genetic manipulation of important __________.

QTL

In the evaluation of candidates for selection, __________ selection is used to increase the accuracy of selection.

marker-assisted

In candidate evaluation, marker-assisted selection is used specifically to increase the __________ of selection.

accuracy

In candidate evaluation, __________ methods are used to increase the genetic variation available for selection.

transgenic

In candidate evaluation, transgenic methods are used specifically to increase the __________ available for selection.

genetic variation

The molecular genetics application involving the transfer of potentially more desirable genes from within or outside a species is __________.

gene transfer

The reproductive biotechnology using gonadotrophic hormones to stimulate ovulation of large numbers of ova before transplanting fertilized ova to recipient females is __________.

MOET (Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer)

In MOET, fertilized ova (early embryos) are transplanted into recipient females for pregnancy and __________.

parturition

MOET allows higher rates of genetic improvement and mostly benefits carabaos, cattle, and __________ because of their natural reproductive rate.

goats

Compared to artificial insemination, the main commercial drawback of MOET for general breeding stocks is that it is too __________.

expensive

In vitro embryo production consists of three sequential laboratory processes: oocyte maturation, fertilization, and __________.

embryo culture

Techniques for superovulation in in vitro embryo production utilize Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin and __________ hormone.

follicle stimulating

The advance in in vitro embryo production involving the recovery of oocytes from a living donor via ultrasound-guided aspiration is called __________.

OVUM PICK-UP

The primary advantage of Ovum Pick-Up is that oocytes come from donors of known genetic merit and not from __________ animals.

slaughtered

Multiplication of genetically superior individuals via embryo splitting, cloning, or parthenogenesis can produce identical or __________ twins.

monozygomatic

Cloned embryos can be used to monitor unmeasurable traits in living selection candidates, such as __________ characteristics.

carcass

Predetermining the sex of offspring is achieved by separating sperm cells bearing the X chromosome from those bearing the __________ chromosome.

Y

Predetermining sex has important applications in genetic conservation programs, particularly in small populations with limited __________.

reproductive potential

An individual produced by combining cells from different species or genera (such as sheep and goat cells) is known as a __________.

chimera

Interspecies and intergenus chimeras could be used to generate new types of animals adaptable to __________ environments.

harsh

Chimeras are generated by combining two or more embryos via the technique of __________.

nuclear transfer

The establishment of embryo and gene banks relies on the freezing and thawing process known as __________.

cryopreservation

The solidification of a solution brought about not by crystallization but by extreme elevation in viscosity during cooling is termed __________.

vitrification

Vitrification offers low cost, wide availability, and the opportunity to expand the local breeder base from outstanding sires and dams even after their __________.

death

The reproductive technique designed to ensure that all females come into heat at the same time is __________.

estrus synchronization

Estrus synchronization is particularly attractive in commercial beef cattle farming because the breeding of heifers can be conducted __________.

at the same time

Before administering $PGF_{2\alpha}$ for estrus synchronization, cows must be checked because the hormone causes __________ in pregnant animals.

abortion

Estrus synchronization should never be attempted in beef cows until there is confirmation that they have passed __________ anestrus.

postpartum

Prior to estrus synchronization, heifers must be verified to ensure they are no longer in __________ anestrus.

prepuberal

The three hormones used for estrus synchronization are Progestins/Progesterones, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), and Prostaglandin __________.

$$F_{2\alpha}$$

The biological process wherein monotocous females release more than one ovum during ovulation is called __________.

superovulation

The three hormones used to induce superovulation are Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and __________.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

In cloning via nuclear transfer, microsurgery is used to collect donor cells from the __________.

trophoblast

In the nuclear transfer procedure, oocytes receiving transplanted donor nuclei are cultured in vitro to the morula or __________ stage.

blastocyst

Taking cells from an individual at some point after its birth in order to produce another genetically identical individual is termed __________.

true cloning

The donor cells used to clone Dolly were isolated from the mammary glands of an ewe aged __________ years.

six

In addition to adult mammary tissue, other donor cell sources tested during Dolly's cloning were differentiated fetal tissues and Day 9 __________ cells.

embryo stem

Before cell dispersion with enzymes during Dolly's cloning, tissues from all cell sources were grown in __________.

tissue culture

During the cloning of Dolly, donor cells were cultured through three to eight changes until the modal chromosome count was __________.

$$54$$

To cause Dolly's donor cells to exit the growth cycle and become quiescent, the culture serum concentration was reduced from $10\%$ to __________.

$$0.5\%$$

During the cloning of Dolly, donor diploid cells were incubated in reduced serum for a duration of __________ days to achieve quiescence.

$$5$$

Inducing quiescence allowed differentiated cells to be reprogrammed by the __________ cytoplasm to generate a whole animal.

oocyte

Recipient oocytes for Dolly were recovered from ewes in calcium- and magnesium-free PBS containing $1\%$ FCS held at __________.

$$39^\circ\text{C}$$

In Dolly's cloning procedure, quiescent donor diploid cells transplanted into enucleated oocytes were activated using __________.

electrical impulses

Reconstructed embryos in Dolly's cloning were chemically cultured or temporarily incubated inside the ligated oviducts of __________.

live ewes

Although fewer mammary cell nuclei developed into morulae and blastocysts, the percentage producing live lambs upon transfer into recipient ewes was very __________.

similar

Dolly was born with the morphological characteristics of the nucleus donor rather than the oocyte donor or the __________ ewes.

recipient

DNA microsatellite analysis demonstrated that Dolly's genetic makeup was derived entirely from the __________ donor.

nuclear

Aside from artificial insemination, the three biotechnologies widely used in the Philippines are superovulation, estrus synchronization, and __________.

cryopreservation

The Philippine state-run university that successfully accomplished an embryo transfer in a caracow is __________.

Central Luzon State University