Scientific Foundations of S&C Exam 1 (ch3-8, 24)

Which of the following substances can be metabolized anaerobically?

Glucose

Which of the following reactions is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis (i.e., the decrease in intramuscular pH during high-intensity, fatiguing exercise)?

ATP → ADP + Pi+ H+

Which of the following energy systems produces ATP at the quickest rate?

Phosphagen

Approximately how many net ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the metabolism of one glucose molecule?

38

Which of the following energy substrates cannot be depleted during extreme exercise intensities or durations?

ATP

Which of the following best describes the role of lactate during the development of peripheral muscle fatigue?

 Lactate is a by-product of when pyruvate is catalyzed, and although metabolic acidosis has a prominent role in peripheral fatigue, other factors such as an increased interstitial K+ concentration and Pi that impairs Ca++ release have been reported to play a role in the development of peripheral fatigue.

What is the correct net reaction summary for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate?

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP → 2Lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O + H+

 Metabolism is the total of which four reactions?

Catabolic, anabolic, exergonic, and endergonic

Which enzyme is the most important regulator of glycolysis and why?

Phosphofructokinase, because it is the rate-limiting step

During exercise what are the primary and secondary determinants for which energy system is the primary contributing system?

Primary: intensity; secondary: duration

After a bout of resistance training, acute hormonal secretions provide all of the following information to the body EXCEPT

Energy expended

Which of the following hormones enhance(s) muscle tissue growth?

GH and IGF-1

Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone?

Decrease collagen synthesis

Which of the following hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes?

Testosterone

What type of resistance training workout promotes the highest growth hormone increases following the exercise session?

Rest Volume Sets: 30 seconds High 3

In the context of resistance training, which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating muscle repair and growth by binding to specific receptors in muscle cells and promoting protein synthesis?

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

Which of the following best describes the role of binding proteins in hormone activity during resistance training?

They extend the half-life of hormones in the bloodstream, enhancing their availability and effect.

How does testosterone primarily enhance muscle growth during resistance training?

By binding to androgen receptors and initiating signaling pathways that enhance gene expression for muscle hypertrophy.

What is the primary effect of growth hormone on muscle tissue during resistance training?

It increases the production of the 22 kD GH isoform, which is crucial for stimulating protein synthesis and muscle growth.

How does cortisol function in the context of resistance training?

Elevated cortisol levels from resistance training primarily enhance immediate energy availability and help in muscle remodeling.

Following resistance training, augmented neural drive to the working musculature is the result of

Increased agonist muscle recruitment, muscle hypertrophy, and greater synchronization

When one is performing a box-to-box plyometric drop jump, in order to generate sufficient force in a limited amount of time (<200 ms), which muscle fibers are bypassed through the principle of selective recruitment?

Type I

Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?

Mood disturbances and depression

Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?

Fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area

Following a period of chronic high-intensity resistance training, a variety of physiological adaptations take place in a number of systems within the body that promote improved athletic performance in strength/power activities. If an elite athlete were to undergo 12 weeks of heavy strength training, which of the following adaptations would NOT be expected consequent to this type of anaerobic exercise?

Reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density

In which of the following athletes might you expect limited bone mineral density (BMD) levels as a consequence of the force vectors and the physical demands associated with the given sport?

A 19-year-old 800 m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training

Which neuromuscular phenomenon occurs when there is an increase or maintenance of muscular strength of an untrained limb when training the contralateral limb?

Cross education

Adaptations to anaerobic training, particularly neuromuscular system improvements that occur during the early phases of training, can occur in

1-4 Weeks

Which of the following is not one of the motor unit adaptations to anaerobic training?

Hypertrophy of all types of muscle fibers

Bone development during anaerobic training requires a minimal essential strain (MES) to trigger the appropriate adaptations. What is the MES required?

1/10 the fracture force

Anaerobic training results in what muscle fibrillar adaptations?

Fibers, as a whole, shift to become more aerobic

A 17-year-old high school cross-country runner has been training aerobically for six months in preparation for the upcoming season. Which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time?

Hypertrophy of type I fibers

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the

Stroke volume

Which of the following does NOT normally increase during an aerobic exercise session?

Diastolic BP

The mean arterial pressure is defined as the

Average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically trained athletes include which of the following?

increased maximal oxygen uptake, decreased blood lactate concentration, increased running economy

Which of the following is not a physiological adaptation to aerobic endurance training?

Fat oxidation decreases

During the heat acclimatization process, which of the following chronic physiological thermoregulatory and performance changes does an athlete not experience?

Decrease in evaporative cooling

Which of the following statements is not true concerning altitude and heat training?

Heat environments cause exposure to a hypoxic environment and a reduction in an athlete’s arterial oxygen content.

Which of the following short-term effects is seen after vaping?

Increases in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure

Which of the following is not a benefit seen from hyperoxic breathing?

Short-term improvements in exercise economy

An 8-year-old boy dramatically increased his upper body strength after following a six-month resistance training program. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this gain?

Improved neuromuscular functioning

Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following EXCEPT the

Diaphysis

The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called

Osteoporosis

Which of the following should be evaluated FIRST when one is designing a training program for a 68-year old competitive female tennis player?

Medical history

Deconditioned female college athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for developing injuries to the

Knee

In reference to biological maturation, the acronym PHV stands for which of the following?

Peak height velocity

During the developmental years, the primary ossification center where most bone formation occurs is referred to as which of the following?

Diaphysis

Improvements in muscle strength and power during childhood are predominantly due to adaptations in which system of the body?

Neuromuscular system

Which of the following is the progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality in older adults?

Sarcopenia

An Olympic weightlifter attempting a personal record is able to ignore the audience to concentrate solely on her performance. Which of the following abilities is this athlete most likely using to perform the exercise?

Selective attention

An athlete's desire to perform to his or her potential is an example of

Achievement motivation

For a high school American football team, if any player squats two times his body weight, his name is placed on the wall. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

How does an athlete's optimal level of arousal change with limited skill and ability to perform the activity?

It decreases

In teaching the push press, which of the following is an example of segmentation with pure-part training integration?

Practice the dip, the drive, and the catch independently before practicing the entire push press.

Which of the following is not one of the physical changes related to growth and development that occur well into adulthood and may affect resistance training and conditioning in females?

Increased bone mineral density

Which of the following musculoskeletal changes occurs with pregnancy and can affect resistance training programming?

Increased ligament laxity

Estradiol, one of the main hormones in the menstrual cycle, has which of the following effects in the body?

Promotes muscle protein synthesis and reduces muscle protein degradation

When a female athlete has multiple concussions, which of the following does she not experience?

Fewer changes between single-task gait activities

When creating a program for a female athlete, which of the following is the most important to consider?

Individualization

Which of the following is required for an overtraining syndrome to exist?

Impaired performances requiring long-term recovery

What types of physical performances are first affected by overtraining or overreaching?

High-velocity activities

 If factors outside of the training program or sport contests are contributing to overtraining syndrome, what is this collection of factors called?

Allostatic load

When correctly implemented, which of the following can be an effective training tool?

Functional overreaching

Monitoring for overtraining avoidance should include which of the following?

Relevant assessments that are easy to administer and have rapid turnaround of results