Exam 3 A&P Knipp

hypothalamus target

controls & regulates the hormone production of the pituitary gland. "middle man" between glands and nervous.

hormones of the hypothalamus

OT and ADH

OT

smooth muscle contraction - uterus, mammary

ADH

Water retention, "vasopressin"

anterior pituitary basophils target

thyroid, gonads (ovaries, testes), adrenal gland

anterior pituitary basophils hormones

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

TSH

stimulates thyroid

FSH and LH

stimulates gonads

ACTH

stimulates adrenal gland

anterior pituitary acidophils target

most cells, mammary glands

anterior pituitary acidophils hormones

somatostatins (GH), prolactin (PRL)

somatostatins (GH)

stimulates growth

prolactin (PRL)

stimulates lactation

posterior pituitary pituicytes hormones

stores OT and ADH

thyroid follicular cells target

most cells

thyroid follicular cell hormones

T3- triiodothyronine

T4- Thyroxine

what do T3 and T4 do

increases metabolism

*** T3 is 5x stronger than T4

thyroid C cells aka parafollicular or extrafollicular target

target and lower blood calcium levels by secreting calcitonin

Endocrine gland

Ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine gland

Gland that releases products onto epithelial surfaces through ducts.

Negative feedback

Rising hormone levels decrease gland activity.

Positive feedback

Falling hormone levels increase gland activity.

Seven major endocrine glands

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads.

Pituitary gland

Hypophysis; called the master endocrine gland.

Anterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis; pars distalis; produces hormones when stimulated.

Posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis; pars nervosa; stores and releases hypothalamic hormones.

Infundibulum

Structure connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Isthmus

Structure connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

Basophils

Pituitary cells producing TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH.

Acidophils

Pituitary cells producing GH and prolactin.

Pituicytes

Specialized cells of posterior pituitary that store hormones.

TSH

Stimulates thyroid growth and thyroid hormone production.

FSH

Stimulates oogenesis/estrogen production in females and spermatogenesis in males.

LH

Causes ovulation/corpus luteum development and stimulates testosterone production.

ACTH

Stimulates adrenal cortex growth and hormone release.

GH

Promotes body growth and regulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Prolactin

Triggers and maintains milk production.

ADH

Promotes water retention and prevents diuresis.

Oxytocin

Causes uterine contractions and milk letdown.

T3

Active thyroid hormone; regulates metabolic rate.

T4

Circulating thyroid hormone reservoir/prohormone.

Follicular cells

Thyroid cells that produce T3 and T4.

C cells

Thyroid cells that produce calcitonin.

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium by encouraging calcium deposition in bone.

PTH

Maintains blood calcium by increasing calcium retention/absorption and withdrawing calcium from bone.

Zona glomerulosa

Adrenal cortex layer producing mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.

Zona fasciculata

Adrenal cortex layer producing glucocorticoids.

Zona reticularis

Adrenal cortex layer producing sex hormones.

Chromaffin cells

Adrenal medulla cells producing epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Epinephrine

Fight-or-flight hormone that increases heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

Alpha cells

Pancreatic cells producing glucagon.

Beta cells

Pancreatic cells producing insulin.

Delta cells

Pancreatic cells producing somatostatin.

F cells

Pancreatic cells producing pancreatic polypeptides.

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels.

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting uptake into body cells.

Interstitial cells

Testicular endocrine cells producing testosterone.

Testosterone

Supports male secondary sex characteristics, accessory sex glands, and spermatogenesis.

Estrogen

Ovarian hormone involved in follicle development and reproductive changes.

Progesterone

Progestin from the corpus luteum that helps maintain pregnancy.

Relaxin

Relaxes ligaments around the birth canal and supports mammary development.

Fibrous pericardium

Outer heart covering that anchors the heart.

Parietal pericardium

Pericardial layer that secretes serous fluid.

Visceral pericardium

Heart covering also called the epicardium.

Pericardial cavity

Potential space associated with the pericardium.

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall.

Myocardium

Thick muscular layer of the heart wall.

Endocardium

Inner heart lining continuous with vessels.

Right side of heart

Receives deoxygenated blood.

Left side of heart

Receives oxygenated blood.

Tricuspid valve

AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle.

Mitral valve

Also called bicuspid valve; between left atrium and left ventricle.

Pulmonary valve

Semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

Aortic valve

Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta.

Chordae tendineae

Heart strings that attach to AV valves.

Papillary muscles

Anchor the chordae tendineae.

Cranial vena cava

Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Caudal vena cava

Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Coronary sinus

Brings deoxygenated blood from the heart wall to the right atrium.

Pulmonary arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

Aorta

Carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle.

Diastole

Relaxation and filling of a heart chamber.

Systole

Contraction and blood ejection from a heart chamber.

Lub

Closure of AV valves.

Dub

Closure of semilunar valves.

Stroke volume

Blood ejected from each ventricle during one cardiac cycle.

SA node

Heart's pacemaker; initiates the electrical impulse.

AV node

Delays the impulse so the atria can empty before ventricles contract.

Bundle of His

Conducts the impulse through the ventricular septum.

Purkinje fibers

Carry the impulse through ventricular walls.

P wave

Atrial depolarization and atrial systole.

QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole.

T wave

Ventricular repolarization and ventricular diastole.

Arteries

Vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Veins

Vessels carrying blood toward the heart.

Vessel progression

Arteries → arterioles → metarterioles → capillaries → venules → veins.

Capillaries

Site of oxygen, nutrient, and waste-product exchange.

Foramen ovale

Fetal opening between atria that bypasses the lungs.

Fossa ovalis

Adult remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.