CHE 360 - Introduction Slides Key Terms

ac

before a meal

pc

after meals

bid

twice daily

tid

3 times daily

qid

4 times daily

qd

everyday

hs

at bedtime

PRN

as needed

PO

by mouth

NPO

Nothing by mouth

SC

Subcutaneous

IM

intramuscular

IV

intravenous

OTC

over the counter

bacterial mutation (Ames) test

uses a special bacterial varant to detect DNA mutations from a chemical

phase 1 clinical trial

show safety/toxcicity in less than 100 healthy individuals

phase 2 clinical trial

tests effectiveness in about 200 affected people

phase 3 clinical trial

confirm effectiveness in over 1000 affected individuals

phase 4 clinical trials

follow up trials after FDA approval to follow up on long term safety and effectiveness

idiosyncratic or paradoxical effects

when the drug causes an unexpected symptom or effect in a low number of people

evergreening

way to extend the patent for a medication using various methods, ex. marketing combination drugs, using slightly different variations of an existing drug

off label use

physicians may perscribe a drug to treat symptoms other than its intended use

generic names

created by the inventors of the drug but can be used by anyone

trade name

created by a company and can only be used by them

teratogenicity

capacity of something to cause birth defects

category a

extensive research has been done to show ther is no impact on fetal development

catergory b

available data to show their is no side effects but not enough data to be conclusive, or little to no data on humans but data on animals is available

category c

adverse effects have been demonstarted in animal studies but there hasnt been enough data to show the impact on humans

category d

clinical data in humans shows that it increases the chance of birth defects

category x

substantial research shwoing it causes substantial risk of birth defects

Schedule 1

no legal use

schedule 2

high potential for abuse (adderall, ritalin, hyrdrocotone)

schedule 3

abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence

schedule 4

like schedule 3 just less severe

schedule 5

lowest catergory