Chapter 3 Test Part 1&2

plasma membrane

separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids and plays a dynamic role in cellular activity. this structure is selectively permeable and acts as a site of cell to cell interaction and recognition.

cytoplasm

material between plasma membrane and nucleus

cytosol

name of solution found in cytoplasm consisting of largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes

organelles

metabolic machinery of the cell; carry out specific functions for the cell

mitochondrion

double membrane organelle with shelf like cristae that contains its own DNA and RNA and provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

ribosomes

granules containing protein and rRNA that are the site of protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

the interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae with external surface studded with ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis and transport; also synthesizes phospholipids

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected tubules arranged in a looping network that catalyze reactions such as lipid and steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism

golgi apparatus

stacked and flattened membranous sacs that function in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins and prepares them for transport

lysosomes

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes to break down bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, and nonuseful tissue among other things

peroxisome

membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases used to detoxify harmful or toxic substances and neutralize dangerous free radicals

microtubules

part of cytoskeleton that consists of dynamic, hollow tubes made of spherical protein tubulin; it supports the cell and gives it shape and is involved in intracellular movements and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia, and flagella

microfilament

dynamic, thin part of cytoskeleton containing the globular protein actin; it attaches to the cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane and braces and strengthens the cell surface; it is involved in contraction and other movements like endocytosis and exocytosis

intermediate filaments

tough, fibrous, stable part of cytoskeleton that resists tension acting on the cell

centrioles

organizes a microtubule network to form spindle and asters during mitosis and also for the bases of cilia and flagella

cilia

shorter, hair like, and more numerous motile cellular extensions that help move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

flagellum

singular, longer, and whip like motile cellular extensions that propells a cell

microvilli

minute fingerlike or hairlike projections of the plasma membrane that project from the cell’s surface to increase plasma membrane surface area for absorption

nucleus

the control center of the cell that contains the genetic information and provides instructions for how to make proteins

nuclear envelope

the selectively permeable, double membrane structure with pores that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm and regulates what can enter or leave the nucleus

nucleoli

dark spherical regions of the nucleus that synthesize the ribosome subunits

chromatin

granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins which package and regulate the DNA