Anatomy 2:

chapter 4 and second section

Simple cuboidal epithilum

• functions in secretion and absorption

• lines exocrine glands and ducts ( kidney tubules and thyroid gland

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

• rare tissue

• found in mammary glands and sweat glands

Transitional epithilum

• unusal epithilum that can stretch and recoil without damage

Transitional epithilum is found in

only in the urinary system and organs

Simple cuboidal epithilum function

absorption and secretion

Simple cuboidal epithilum locates in

stomach; intestines; galbladder and kidney ducts

Simple cuboidal may have cilia for

movement in apical surfaces

Simple cuboidal may have microvilli for

absorption

Psedostratified columnar epiithilum

• cells of varying shapes and functions

• may have cilia

Psedostratified columnar epiithilum function

lines nasal cavities; tranchea; airways in lungs

Stratified columnar epithilum

• two or more layers of rare layer of cells

Location of stratified columnar

• lining large ducts such as salivary glands and pancreas

Glandular epithilum: Merocrine

• product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis

Merocrine example

salivary gland secretion

Exocrine gland: Apocrine

cytoplasm packed with secretory vesicles

cell releases cytoplasm as a secretory product

Holocrine secretion

• destroys gland cells

• entire cell bursts, releasing secretions and killing cells

Compound tubular

• mucous glands in mouth

Compound tubuloalveolar

• salivary glands

• glands of respiratory passages

Mucous (goblet cells)

• independent, scattered secretory cells in epithilum

• secretes mucin

Connective tissue proper

• contains many types of cells

• extracellular fibers in ground substance

Fluid connective tissue

• watery matrix; distinctive group of cells

• blood and lymph

Supporting connective tissue

• less diverse cell population

• more densely packed matrix

Reticular fibers

• strong and form branching network

Collage fibers

• thick, very strong and resist stretching

Melanocytes

• synthesis melanin pigement

Fixed macrophages

• engulfs cell debris and pathogens

Mast cells

• stimulate inflammation and mobilizes defenses

Fibroblasts

• synthesizes extracellular fibers

Adipocytes

• store lipid reserves

fibrocytes

differentiate from fibroblasts and

maintain extracellular fibers

Connective tissue proper components: Wandering

move throughout tissue; function in defense

and repair

Plasma cells

immune cells producing antibodies

Free macrophages

engulf debris and pathogens

Mesenchymal cells (

stem cells that aid tissue repair

Areolar tissue

• type of connective tissue

• has all proper cell types

adipose tissue

• found deep to skin various types

• forms layer of padding eyes and kidneys

Reticular tissue

• found in liver; kidney; spleen and bone marrow

• provides support and resists distortion

Dense regular connective tissues

• found in cords (ligaments, tendons)

• collagen arranged in parallel bundles

Dense irregular connective tissue

• found covering visceral organs; in superficial layers of bones, cartilage and peripheral nerves

Elastic tissue

• found between veterbrae, in walls of large blood vessels.

Fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

Watery matrix is called

plasma

Blood components are

red blood and white blood cells

Basophils promote

inflammation

Platelets

involved with clotting responses

Monocytes are

large phagocytes

Function of the lymph (fluid connective tissue) and its blood cell component (lymphocytes)

main solute levels, blood volume, and alert immune system of infection

Contractions of this fluid circulation blood vessel move blood away from heart

arteries

Capalaries

smallest vessels ; site of exchange

Contractions of this fluid circulation blood vessel move blood toward heart

veins

Matrix of cartilage contains

chondroitin sulfates

Chondrocytes are one types cells and

found in the lacunae

which type of cartilage is found between ribs and sternum; nasal septum; mobile joints and reduces friction between bony surfaces

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage that distorts without damage and returns to original shape and found in external ear and smaller internal structures

Elastic cartilage

Type of cartilage: Found in knee joint, between pubic bones, and in intervertebral discs AND durable and tough, resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits

relative movement

Fibrocartilage

Blood vessels in perichondrium provide oxygen and

nutrients to

chondrocytes

Types of cartilage growth

Appositional and Interstital

Appostional growth

is at cartilage surface and chondroblasts divide in cellular layer of perchchondrium

Interstital growth

within cartilage and chondrocytes divide in lacuna

Osseous is

bone tissue

Osseous tissue has

calcium salts and collagen fibers that are somewhat flexible and strong

Type of long bone and is the outer layer of bone

Compact

Type of long bone and is the outer layer of bone

Type of long bone and lines internal cavity

Spongy bone

Bone is covered by

periosteum

Compact bone is organized into functional units

osteons

Type of cells that are located between layers

Osteocytes

Outer fibrous layer surrounded by periosteum:

allows attachment of ligaments

Inner fibrous layer surrounded by periosteum:

allows appositional growth and repair