APHG Culture Chapter 6

Thank you Mr Owen Davis

culture

all of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and actions

visible force

a group's actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape

invisible force

people's shared belief systems, customs, and traditions

cultural traits

the combination of a group's visible and invisible forces

cultural complex

a series of interrelated traits

imitation

learning by repeating behaviors from a person or television

informal instruction

a parent reminds a child to say please

formal instruction

like when a student learns history in school

cultural hearth

the are in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

diffuse

how cultures develop and spread

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

traditional culture

used to encompass all three cultural designations (traditional, folk, and indigenous)

folk culture

the beliefs and practices of a small, homogeneous group of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change

indigenous culture

when members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language

globalization

the increased integration of the world economy since 1970

popular culture

cultural traits that spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups; begin in urban areas and diffuse quickly through globalization

global culture

a trait that is adopted worldwide

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human culture on the natural or physical environment; built environment

artifacts

the material culture of a people; tangible things or those that can be experienced by the senses

mentifacts

the non-material culture; intangible concepts, or those not having any physical presence

sociofacts

the ways people organize their society and relate to one another

placelessness

many modern cultural landscapes exhibiting a great deal of homogeneity

built environment

the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape

traditional architecture

reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment

postmodern architecture

developed in after the 1960s; a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

contemporary architecture

an extension of postmodern architecture; uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

ethnicity

membership within a group of people who have common experiences, share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

ethnic enclaves

clusters of people of the same culture

cultural regions

determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

cultural realms

include several regions

sacred places

specific places and natural features that have religious significance

charter group

the first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

ethnic islands

ethnic concentrations in rural areas

sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

neolocalism

the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

cultural patterns

related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

nationality

people's connection to a particular country

centripetal forces

those that unify a group of people or a region

centrifugal forces

those that divide a group of people or a region

sharia

the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur'an

blue laws

laws that restrict certain activities

fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

theocracies

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

ethnocentric

people who believe their own culture is more important and superior to other cultures

cultural relativism

the concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture

cultural appropriation

the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture

diffusion

the spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas

relocation diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

expansion diffusion

the spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration

contafious diffusion

when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

hierarchal diffusion

spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance

reverse hierarchical diffusion

when a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status

stimulus diffusion

an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects certin trait