Physio Exam 3 UCF Ahangari

What are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system(blood)?

Transportation, regulation, protection

Blood transports what?

respiratory gasses, metabolites, nutrients

Blood regulates what?

Hormones, body temperature

How does blood protect?

Clotting- prevents blood loss while injured, prevents microbes from entering

Immune- luekocytes fight infection

Women normally have how much blood in the body?

4-5 Liters

Men normally have how much blood in the body?

5-6 L

Blood is classified as ___ tissue

connective

Blood = _____ + _____

plasma + formed elements

What is hematocrit?

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

normal women hematocrit

42 + or - 5 (37-47%)

normal male hematocrit

47 + or - 5 (42-52)

How much of plasma is water?

90%

The other 10% of Plasma is

ions, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, wastes and proteins (3 protein types)

What are the three main plasma proteins?

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Albumin

-produce osmotic pressure(pulls water to capillaries)

-60-80% plamsa protein

-produced in liver

If there is lack of albumin in part of the body, there is risk for...

edema

What are the 3 types of globulins?

alpha, beta, gamma

Alpha and beta globulins have same fuction:

-Transport lipids and fat soluble protein

-funciton in immunity

-produced in liver

Gamma globulins are

antibodies produced by lymphocytes

The fibrinogen plasma protein is...

-very important in blood clotting (injury)

-made by liver

Hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

fibrinogen is important

Fluid from clotted blood is?

serum

The formed elements are classified as blood cells and are:

erythrocytes

leukocytes

Platelets

How much hemoglobin is in one erythrocyte?

280 hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein which has...

-4 protein chains all attached to one heme

-1 heme(iron containing+ red pigment)

What is the role of iron in the heme?

binding to oxygen molecules (4/heme) and bringin oxygen from lungs to body, bringin CO2 waste back out in breath

Life span and shape of RBC?

100ish days, biconcave

Where are RBC's degraded?

spleen

Erythropoietin

Kidney hormone that promotes red blood cell formation in bone marrow (hormone controlled)

When is erythropoietin released?

Released by kidneys when RBCs are low due to decreased O2

leukocytes =

WBCs

5 types of leukocytes, categorized by staining properties:

granulocytes- basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

(-phils = colorful)

Agranulocytes- lymphocytes, monocytes

(-cytes = colorless)

Nuetrophils

-phagocytize bacteria

-life span 6 hrs-few days

-stains pale red

-multilobed

Eosinophils

-kill parasites

-bilobed nucleus

-life span: 8-12 days

-bright red staining

Basophils

-release histamine (inflammation)

-function in allergic reactions

-dark blue

-bilobed

-short LS

Monocytes

-kidney shaped nucleus

-precursor is monoblasts

-develop into macrophages

-LS is months

-phagocytosis function

-4-8% of WBCs

-largest luekocyte

Lymphocytes

-very small, barely any cytoplasm (nucleus is majority of cell)

-func in immune response

-3 types (natural killer, t and b cells)

-LS: hours to years

-20-45% WBCs

T cells

Attack all foreign cells

B cells

Produce antibodies to attack again

Platelets = Thrombocytes

-cell fragments from broken megakaryocytes

-func in blood clotting

-releases serotonin to constrict BV's at site of injury

-Also secrete growth factors

-LS:5-10 days

Hematopoiesis

RBC formaiton

Erythropoiesis

Formaiton of erythrocytes

Luekopoiesis

formation of WBC's

In womb hematopoesis first starts where?

in the yolk sack, then goes to the liver till brith

Myeloid and lymphoid tissues are the site of what processes?

hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, luekopoiesis

(in bone marrow)

Myeloid tissues are

red bone marrow tissue in long bones (sternum, pelvis, bodies of vertebrae

_produce all other blood cells except lymphoid

Lymphoid tissues are

at lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus

-only place where lymphocytes originate

All blood cells originate from

stem cells in the bone marrow

Erythroblast production intermediates in order

myeloid stem cell

proerythroblasts

normoblast

reticulocyte

erythroblast

Production of RBCs and hemoglobin is dependent on what 3 factors?

iron

vitamin B12

folic acid

Pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

may be caused by chemicals or radiation

Iron deficiency anemia

anemia caused by inadequate iron intake or lack of iron reception in digestion

all granulocytes originate from

myeloblasts

polycythemia

excess of red blood cells

Anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells

microcytic vs macrocytic anemia

micro = iron deficiency

Marco = vit B12 or Folate deficiency

sickle cell anemia

anemia caused by lack of effeiceint O2 supply

cells in sickle cell shape

hemoglobin is deformed as a result

Luekemia

cancer of WBCs

aka "lymphoblastic" or "myeloblastic"

condition arises in bone marrow

instead of making leukocytes makes luekemia cells

Lymphocytic leukemia

"lymphoblastic"

produces too much mature lymphocytes

Myelogenous luekemia

Produces too much immature + mature myelocytes

Luekemia cells grow

rapidly and do not stop when they should

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count(clotting)

In pregnancy the ___ month is where the bone marrow becomes hematopoietic and main source of blood.

7th

What month does liver and spleen take over for hematopoiesis of the fetus?

2nd

Sickle cell anemia contains what type of hemoglobin?

hemoglobin S (abnormal, and so is hemoglobin C)

Normal hemoglobin is

hemoglobin A

Medical problems caused by sickle cell anemia?

forming pigment gallstones

jaundice

painful episodes

Other symptoms with sickle cell anemia

attacks of abdominal pain

bone pain

breathlessness

delayed growth and puberty

fatigue

fever juandice

paleness

rapid heart rate

lower leg ulcers

How do you treat sickle cell anemia

folic acid supplements

also antibiotics and vaccines are given to prevent bacterial infection

luekemia can be

acute or chornic

luekemia symptoms

fever and night sweats

headache

bleeding easily

bone or joint pain

swollen lymphnodes(armpit + neck)

infections

weakness

weightloss

How to treat luekemia?

chemotherapy - kill bad cell + strong anti-cancer drugs

interferon-alpha therapy-slow prodcution of bad cells, promote anti-luekemia activity

stem cell transplantation- high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapty

radiation therapy- kill cancer cells

Lumen of blood vessels

area occupied by blood cells

3 layers of BVs

tunica intima- simple squamous cell epithelia

tunica media- muscle

tunica externa- connective tissue

Vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

inc BP

Vasodilaiton

dilaition of BVs

dec BP

Where is the site of gas and nutrient exchange within blood?

At the capilaries

arteries

away from heart

veins

towards heart

Elastic arteries are ___ than other arteries

thicker

distribuiting arteries are

muscular arteries

Smalles arteries

arterioles

in veins the thickest layer is the

tunica externa

skeletal muscle pump

muscles press against thin-walled veins to pump blood

Capilaries are

smallest BVs

RBCs pass 1 ata time

BBB is a

selectively permeable capillary

O2, CO2, and some anesthetics can pass

What are sinusoids?

weak leaky capillaries found in the liver and spleen

capillary bed

a network of capillaries in a tissue or organ

Septum divides

L + R atria & L+ R Ventricles

strongest chamber of the heart

left ventricle - last part of heart to pump oxygenated blood

driving forces of body circulation

valves surrounding the right ventricle (carry deoxygenated blood)

tricuspid, RV, then Pulmoary semilunar

Valves that surround the Left atrium (carrying Oxygenated blood)

bicuspid?mitral, LV, aortic semilunar

Systemic circulation

O2 blood taken away from heart to body

CO2 blood from body taken back to heart

Pulmonary system

reoxygenates blood

Carries CO2 blood away from heart, to lungs

takes fresh O2 blood from lungs towards heart

Stressed volume is

blood contained in arteries

Where is the site of highest resistance in cardiovascular system?

Arteriloes

valves surrounding the right ventricle (carry deoxygenated b lood)

tricuspid and pulmonary semilunar

What system regulates arterial resistance?

ANS(automonic nervous system

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor accept NE and are located...

arterioles of the skin, splanchnic and renal circulations