Motor Systems: Abnormal Functions - Unit 2

tension/stiffness, resting, resistance, passive

Tone is the amount of _______/________ in a _______ muscle OR the amount of __________ present in a resting muscle during _________ stretch

decrease, skeletal muscle tone; muscle

LOW TONE: may have abnormal posture due to hanging of limb; upon palpation, muscles have poor definition and feel flabby/soft

Hypotonia: abnormal ________ in _______ ______ tone

Flaccidity: absence of ________ tone

increase, resistance; movement, speed, range, agonist, antagonist; extrapyramidal tract

HIGH TONE: abnormal position at rest, can't MMT if tone cannot be relaxed, active movement may not be able to overcome tone

Hypertonicity: abnormal ________ in _______ to PASSIVE movement

Rigidity: resistance to _________, independent of _______, resistance throughout the _____, simultaneous co-contraction of ______ and _______;

- hypertonicity is a lesion of the __________ _______

CNS shock, Cerebellum, Lower motor neuron

Damage to what can cause Hypotonia/Flaccidity?

cogwheel rigidity; lead-pipe rigidity; basal ganglia

-Catch and release as limb is moved passively through available ROM? ___________ ________

-Increased resistance to PROM throughout movement; consistent resistance in both agonist AND antagonist? ____-____ _______

-These are both results of damage to ________ ______?

decerebate posturing; decorticate posturing; midbrain/brainstem

Abnormal Posturing

-Rigid extension of upper limbs w extension of LE's and neck? ____

-Flexed upper limbs, extended neck and lower limbs, plantarflexion? _____ _____

- These abnormal posturings are due to _______/_______ dysfunction?

involuntary, feedback loop, spinal cord, descending

Reflexes = the ________ response to a stimulus; utilize _______ _____ (reflex arc) at the ______ ____ level and modulated by ________ input from the brain?

weak, myotatic reflex; exaggerated myotatic reflex

Hyporeflexia = _____/absent _______ reflex

Hyperreflexia = _________ ______ ______

velocity-dependant passive, hypertonicity, pyramidal; clasp-knife spasticity; Clonus

Spasticity = _______-_______ resistance to ______ stretch, included as a subset of __________; lesion of _________ tract

-abnormal resistance to stretch abruptly decreases at specific point in the range? ________-_______ ______

-oscillation of muscle following stretch reflex w multiple contractions, involuntary repeated and rhythmic contractions following a quick stretch of muscle followed by sustained stretch?

upper motor neurons

Hyperreflexia, clasp-knife spasticity, clonus are results of damage to ______ _____ _____?

abnormal, uncontrolled involuntary movement

What are Dyskinesias?

involuntary, oscillatory, reciprocally, rest; slow, hands, face, purposeless

Dyskinesias

Resting Tremors = _______ rhythmic ______ movements of _______ innervated muscles at ____; associated w essential tremors or PD?

Athetosis = ____, writhing movements of _____ and ____; movements are ___________ and flow from one to the other

abrupt, involuntary, random, forcible; uncontrollable, limb, unilateral, subthalamic nucleus

Dyskinesias

Chorea = _____, _________, variable, ______ flow, arrhythmic, _______, rapid, and jerky movements; associated w HD

Ballismus = _________, violent, flailing movements of entire ______, typically _________; associated w damage to __________ _____

Basal Ganglia

Resting tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus result from damage to the _______ _____?

Cerebellum

Intention tremors are usually the result from dysfunction of the __________?

rapid; involuntary; non-stereotypical; semi-puroseful or non-purposeful; Dance-like movements; More distal

Chorea

Rapid or slow?

Voluntary or Involuntary?

Stereotypical or non-stereotypical?

Semi or non-purposeful?

Appearance?

Distal or Proximal?

rapid; involuntary; non-stereotypical; non-purposeful; violent flinging movement; more proximal

Ballismus

Rapid or slow?

Voluntary or Involuntary?

Stereotypical or non-stereotypical?

Semi or non-purposeful?

Appearance?

Distal or Proximal?

Slow; involuntary; non-stereotypical; non-purposeful; writing; propensity affecting upper limb

Athetosis

Rapid or slow?

Voluntary or Involuntary?

Stereotypical or non-stereotypical?

Semi or non-purposeful?

Appearance?

Distal or Proximal?

abnormal, involuntary postures

What is Akinesias?

contraction, postures, contract; slowness, basal ganglia

Akinesias

-Rigidity

-Dystonia = persistent muscle _________ resulting in abnormal ________, as agonist and antagonist both _______ leading to distorted body position

-Bradykinesia = ___________ of movement

Rigidity, Dystonia, Bradykinesia result from damage to ____ ______?

lower motor neurons, twitch; lower motor neuron, axon fibers, muscle fibers, visible

Fasciculations - damaged _____ ______ _____, spontaneous AP's causing muscle fibers to fire with a visible ______?

Fibrillation - degenerated ____ ____ _____, remnants of ____ ______ generate action potentials causing individual ______ _______ to contract, spontaneous twitching that is NOT ______

cutaneous, bottom, great toe extension, fanning; upper motor neuron

Babinski sign - abnormal ________ reflex, sensory input to ______ of the foot leads to _______ _____ _____ and ________ of the other toes

- Babinksi sign is result of damage to ______ _____ ______?

UMN, LMN; muscle force; generate, absence

"Weakness" can be due to damage to either ___ or ___

Paresis = decreased ability to generate _______ ____?

Paralysis = loss of ability to ________, or _______ of muscle force?

coordination, accuracy; force, distance; rapid alternating movements; oscillation

Ataxia - impaired _______ and ______ of movements

Dysmetria - innapropriate ____ and ______ during targeted movements

Dysdiadochokinesia - inability to perform _____ _______ _______

Intention Tremor - ______ of limb during target movements

purposeful, planned movements, ability, desire; lateral corticospinal tract, fine;

Delays in initiating movement

Apraxia - difficulty performing _________ or _____ ________ when the person has the _____ and _____ to perform them

-Loss of fractionated movement; interruption of _______ _______ signals, interferes with ____ movements

cerebellum, sensory, cerebellum; left cortex, MCA

-Ataxic Gait and Dysdiadochokinesia occur from ________ damage or significant loss of _______ info coming into _________

-Apraxia is usually due to damage of the ____ ___, in the ___ region

atrophy, weakness, fasciculations, fibrillations, hypotonia, hyporeflexia

Lower Motor Neuron Abnormalities = muscle ______, ________, _______, _______, _____, _________

weakness, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, babinski

Upper motor neuron abnormalities = _______, _______, _________ (clonus, spasticity), _______

ataxia, hypotonia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, intention tremor, nystagmus

Cerebellear Movement Abnormalities = ______, _______, _________, ____________, ______ _____, ________

resting tremors, athetosis, chorea, ballismus, tardive dyskinesia; rigidity, dystonia, bradykinesia

Basal Ganglia Movement Abnormalities

Dyskinesias = ______ ____, ________, ______, ________, _____ ________?

Akinesias = ______, _______, _______