MOVESCI 230 EXAM 1

anterior

toward front

posterior

toward the back

medial

toward body midline

lateral

away from body midline

superior

above trunk

inferior

below trunk

proximal (limbs)

toward trunk

distal (limbs)

away from trunk

palmar (hands)

toward palm of hand

dorsal (hands)

away from the palm of the hands

superficial

located more externally

deep

located more internally

sagittal plane

slices body into right and left sides

flexion and extension are sagitall plane movements

flexion

movement away from the midline

extension

movement towards the midline

hyperextension

extension past anatomical position

dorsiflexion

ankle movement where foot raises towards the shin

plantarflexion

ankle movement where foot moves away from the shin

frontal plane

sliced the body into front and back parts

movements best seen from the front or back

abduction

body segments move away from the midline

adduction

body segments move towards the midline

transverse plane

slices the body into top and bottom parts

movements best seen from birds eye view

pronation

palm down

supination

palm up

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue

Fibrocytes

connective tissue proper cells

chondrocytes

cartilage cells

osteocytes

bone cells

connective tissue proper

-connects structures

-dense and regular

-resist being stretched

-tendons and ligaments

-few fibrocytes

-collagen fibers in parallel

ligaments

bone to bone

tendon

muscle to bone

cartilage

-A connective tissue that cushions and supports impacts

-hyaline and fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose, make surfaces almost friction free

Fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs

Proteogylcans

-molecules in cartilage that help it resist compression due to the repellent force of the side chains

cortical bone

compact, dense, covers outer surface of the bone

trabecular bone

spongy, less dense with spikes of bone, found inside the bone

osteons

found in cortical bone, blood vessels arranged in cylindrical structures

long bones

have a hollow shaft

short bones

cube shaped and are not hollow

irregular bones

are not hollow

sesamoid bones

found inside tendons

flat bones

are not hollow

Diaphysis

hollow shaft of a long cortical bone

Epiphysis

ends of long bone that is filled with trabecular bone and surrounded by a shell of cortical bones

synarthosis

limited joint motion

no space between joints

fibrous and cartilaginous

Synchondrosis

hyaline cartilage

symphyses

fibrocartilage

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

synovial joints

space between the joints filled with fluid

axial skeleton

skull, spine, and thorax

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs

cranial bones

enclose and protect the brain, provide muscle attachments

5 cranial bones

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

sphenoid

frontal bone

forms the forehead and the superior margin of the eye socket

landmark: glabella

glabella

the smooth part of the forehead above and between the eyebrows

parietal bone

forms the sides and roof of the cranial vault

occipital

forms the posterior cranium

landmarks: foramen magnum, external occipital protuberance, occipital condyles, inferior nuchal lines

foramen magnum

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

external occipital protuberance

the bump on the back of the head

occipital condyles

each of two rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra

inferior nuchal lines

ridges under the foramen magnum

temporal bone

forms the cranial portion of the jaw and the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

landmarks: external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process

external auditory meatus

ear hole

mastoid process

the bump behind your ear lobe

styloid porcess

the needle looking thing by the ear hole

sphenoid

joins the cranium with 12 other bones

facial bones

form framework for the face, provides cavities for sense, provide air and food openings, holds teeth

the 3 facial bones

maxilla, zygomatic bones, mandible

maxilla

holds the roots of the superior teeth, forms the nasal aperture and the floor orbit

the nasal bones inferior to the glabella

zygomatic bones

forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch and the lateral aspect of the orbits

mandible

holds the roots of the inferior teeth and provides attachments for mastication

landmarks: mental protuberance, angle and ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process

mental protuberance

the chin bone

angle and ramus

corner of the jaw (dolan twin jawlines)

suture joints of the skull

coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid

interpretable foramen

where spinal nerve roots exit the vertebrae

vertebral notch

where two vertebrae connect

cervical vertebrae

-have a transverse foramen (hole)

-most have a bifid spinous process (the tail splits into two)

-vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen on the way to the brain

-C1 and C7 do not have a bifid spinous process

-C1 atlas, ring shaped, no body, no spinous process

-C2 axis, odontoid process

-the C1-C2 articulation is a pivot joint that allows a large amount of rotation in the transverse plane

thoracic vertebra

-12 vertebrae

-each vertebra articulated with a pair of ribs

-articular facets (where the ribs attach) on bodies are demifacets, on transverse processes they are costal facets

-the long spinous processes in the thoracic region look like a giraffe face from a posterior view

lumbar vertebrae

-5 vertebrae

-large and do not have transverse foramen or articular processes for ribs

sacrococcygeal vertebrae

5 vertebrae fused to form the sacrum

3-4 coccygeal vertebrae

The anterior surface of the sacrum is smooth

The posterior surface of the sacrum is bumpy

male cranium

-bigger supraorbital ridges (brows)

-more prominent glabella

-larger mastoid process

- longer mandibular ramus (corner of the jaw)

lordosis

spine too anterior in body

kyphosis

-occurs with aging due to osteoporosis in thoracic vertebral bodies

-discs lose water and height with age

scoliosis

lateral movement of spine with a twist

spondylosis

a vertebral fracture between articular processes

spondylolisthesis

slippage of adjacent vertebral bodies

where does the axial skeleton articulate with the appendicular skeleton?

the clavicle

shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

sternoclavicular joint

-attaches the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton

acromioclavicular joint

non axial synovial joint that is involved in all shoulder movements

glenohumeral joint

-highly mobile ball and socket synovial joints

-a fibrocartilage rim deepens and widens the socket adding joint stability