AP Biology UNIT 2 - Cell Structure and Function QUIZ

Cells: The basic _______ and ________ unites of EVERY organism

STRUCTURAL + FUNCTIONAL

What are characteristics of ALL Cells?

1. Are bound by a plasma membrane

2. Contain cytosol (The cytosol is the water-based, jelly-like fluid that fills the interior of a cell and surrounds its organelles. Primary function is serving as the essential metabolic medium where vital chemical reactions occur, most notably glycolysis—a simple process where the cell breaks down a single sugar molecule (glucose) into two smaller molecules (pyruvate) to make ATP. Also supports the structure of cell and does transport)

3. Contain chromosomes

4. Contain ribosomes

There are two types of cells: _______and _______

PROKARYOTES+ EUKARYOTES

What are prokaryotes?

BEFORE A NUCLEUS!!!

• Domains Bacteria and Archaea

• DNA is in the nucleoid region

• Generally smaller in size than eukaryotes

What are Eukaryotes?

-Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants - DNA is in the nucleus

- Contain Membrane bound organelles

What are organelles?

Membrane Bound structures in eukaryotes

What are the two different classifications of Organelles?

Endomembrane and Energy Organelles

What organelles are within the ENDOMEMBRANE type?

Nuclear Envelope - The double membrane that encloses and surrounds the nucleus. It contains nuclear pores that regulate the entry and exit of materials (such as mRNA and ribosomal subunits) between the nucleus and the rest of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Complex: Flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) with directionality (cis face receives vesicles, trans face dispatches them) that modify, sort, tag, and package materials for transport or exocytosis

.

Lysosomes: Membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells that hydrolyze macromolecules and recycle cellular components via autophagy

.

Vesicles/Vacuoles: Selective membrane-bound sacs originating from the ER and Golgi that function in cellular transport and storage (including food, contractile, and central vacuoles)

.

Plasma Membrane: The outer membrane boundary found in all cells that encloses cellular contents and acts as the site where vesicles release materials through exocytosis

What organelles are within the ENERGY type?

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts

What does the term COMPARTMENTALIZATION refer to? What does it help with?

Compartmentalization in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in DIFFERENT locations

• Increases surface area for reactions to occur

• Prevents interfering reactions from occuring in he same locations

What are the Unique Cell components of a PLANT cell?

Chloroplasts :Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms that serve as the site of photosynthesis, containing thylakoids/grana for light-dependent reactions and stroma for the Calvin cycle.

• Central Vacuole: A plant organelle that stores water and inorganic ions to maintain turgor pressure.

• Cell Wall: A structural component unique to plant cells. (Note: Information outside the sources indicates it provides external support and protection).

• Plasmodesmata: microscopic channels that allow direct movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules between adjacent plant cells.)

  
  

What are unique components of ANIMAL cells?

• Lysosomes: Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells that hydrolyze (break down) macromolecules and perform autophagy to recycle the cell's own organic material.

• Centrosomes: Animal cell structures from which microtubules grow, assisting in microtubule assembly and aiding in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

• Flagella: Microtubule-based cell structures present in animal cells that function in cell motility (movement)

Nucleus contains _________

CHROMOSOMES ( AKA Genetic Information)

- Enclosed by the nuclear envelope

- Double membrane

- Has pores

- Pores regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

What is synthesized in the nucleus?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• rRNA is combines with proteins to form large and small subunits or ribosomes

• Subunits exit via nuclear pores

• Assemble into ribosomes

• Ribosomes translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides

What is the process of Dogma Protein Synthesis?

1. DNA turns into mRNA through TRANSCRIPTION

2. From there, mRNA turns into a PROTEIN through Translation. Ribosome reads RNA to make protein

What are ribosomes: Comprised of ribosomal _____ and ______

RNA + PROTEIN

What is the function of ribosomes?

To synthesize proteins

Where can ribosomes be found? (TWO locations)

Bound to the ________ or ________

1. Cytosol - Proteins produced here generally function only within the cytosol

• Known as "free ribosomes"

(i.e. enzymes)

2. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM or NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

- Proteins produced here can be secreted from the cell

- Leave via transport vesicles

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulm and what is its function? What are the types

A network of membranous sacs and tubes

Functions:

- Synthesizes membranes

- Compartmentalize the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes.

TWO TYPES: ROUGH and SMOOTH

What is the Rough ER

- Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane

What is the smooth ER

- Contains no ribosomes

- Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell.

What is the Golgi Complex? Contains flattened membranous sacs called _______

Has _________

CISTERNAE!!!

• -Seperate the sacs from the cytosol

  - Each cisternae is not connected

DIRECTIONALITY!!!

This means it has two different FACES…A Cis Face and a Trans Face

Cis Face:

Receives vesicles from the ER

Trans Face:

Sends vesicles BACK out into the cytosol to other locations OR to the plasma membrane for secretion

What are the functions of the Golgi Complex?

• Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER

• Modifies the materials

• Sorts the materials

• Adds molecular tags

• Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis

What are Lysosomes? Membranous sac with______ What is autophagy?

HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES

Function:

• Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

What is Autophagy?

• The process in which lysosomes can recycle their own cell's organic materials

- Allow the cell to renew itself

What are peroxisomes?

Catalyze reactions that produce ______

Enzymes in peroxisomes that break down _______ TO ______-

- Similar to lysosomes

- Membrane bound metabolic compartment

H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)!!!!

H2O2 to WATER

What are vacuoles? What are the different types?
Large vesicles at stem from the _______ and _______

ER + GOLGI COMPLEX

1. Food Vacuole

• Form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes

2. Contractile Vacuole

• Maintain water levels in cells

3. Central Vacuole:

• Found in plants

• Contains inorganic ions and water

• Important for turgor pressure

What is the Endosymbiont Theory?

The theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote

Theory states that an early ________ cell engulfed a _______ cell

Prokaryotic Cell became an ________ (cell that lives in another cell)

EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC

ENDOSYMBIONT

What is the evidence of the Endosymbiont Theory

• Double Membrane

• Ribosomes

• Circular DNA

• Capable of fucnitoning on their own

What is the mitochondria?

Site of ________

Location for the _______

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Structure of the double membrane -

Outer membrane is smooth

Inner membrane has folds called cristae (Divides the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases the surface area)

1. Intermembrane:

• Space between inner and or membrane

2. Mitochondrial Matrix: Enclosed by inner membrane

• Location for the KREBS CYCLE

• Contains: Enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ribosomes

The number of mitochondria in a cell correlates with _______

Cells with ______ metabolic activity have _____ mitochondria

METABOLIC ACTIVITY

What are chloroplasts? Specialized organelles in _______ organisms

PHOTOSYNTHETIC

• Site of photosynthesis

• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll

What’s inside of its double membrane?

Membranous Sacds t can organize into stacks called _____

Thylakoids!!!
_______ = GRANA

What is stroma? Location of the _________________

FLUID AROUND THYLAKOIDS

Contains:

Location for the Calvin Cycle

• Chloroplast DNA

• Ribosomes

• Enzymes

What is the cytoskeleton? A network of ______ throughout the ________

• Give ______________ (especially for animal cells) and ___________

FIBERS/CYTOPLASM

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT/MECHANICAL SUPPRT

What are anchor organelles?

Allow for movement of vesicles and organelles and/or the who cell

Movement occurs when the cytoskeleton interacts with the motor proteins

What are the 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubes

2. Microfilaments

3. Intermediate Filaments

What are microtubes? Functions?

Grow from the ________

• Assis in _______ assembly

Hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tubulin

CENTROSOME

MICROTUBULE

Functions:

• Serve as structural support (think: tracks) for the movement of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins

• Assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

• Cell motility (i.e. cilia and flagella)tSO

What are microfilaments?

Thin solid rods made of the protein ACTIN

Functions:

• Maintain cell shape

• Bear tension

• Assist in muscle contraction and cell motility. Actin works with another protein called myosin to case a contraction

• Division of animal cells

• Contractile ring od the cleavage furrow

What is an intermediate Filament?

• Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits

• Permanent structural elements of cells

Functions:

• Maintains cell shape

• Anchor nucleus and organelles

• Ls the nuclear envelope