DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

reference: transes

This class of drug increases the hemoglobin content of the blood

Hematinics

The indication of low hemoglobin count in the blood

Anemia

Examples of drugs under Hematinics

• Iron

• B12

• Folic acid

• Erythropoietic co-factors (Cobalt and Copper)

• Anabolic steroids

Mode of Action (MOA) of Iron

Primary function in erythropoiesis is to serve as a core component of Hgb, responsible for oxygen transport.

Iron is injected to pigs on the 3rd day after birth to avoid _

Iron-deficiency anemia

Mode of Action (MOA) of Vitamin B12

Vital co-factor for enzymes involved in DNA synthesis. It is crucial for cell division, especially in the rapid production of new RBC within the bone marrow.

The term for deficiency in Vitamin B deficiency or Intrinsic factor Deficiency

Pernicious Anemia

What is the mechanism of Intrinsic Factor Deficiency

Intrinsic factor coats the B12 so it can pass through the stomach acid to be absorbed in the ileum

The term where RBC fails to mature

Maturation failure anemia

Mode of Action (MOA) of Folic Acid

It is essential for erythrogenesis because it is converted to its active form, tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a crucial coenzyme in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. This process allows erythroblasts, the precursors to RBC to proliferate and differentiate properly.

Mode of Action (MOA) of Cobalt

Directly stimulates the production of the erythropoietin (EPO) hormone by stabilizing hypoxia-induced factor (HIF), which promotes RBC generation

Mode of Action (MOA) of Copper

Influences erythropoiesis by facilitating iron metabolism, absorption, and transfer, ensuring the iron needed for Hgb synthesis is available for RBC formation.

Class of drug that stops bleeding

Hemostatic

This type of hemostatic stops bleeding from small and superficial blood vessels

Topical/Local Hemostatic

This type of hemostatic stops bleeding from large and deep blood vessels

Systemic Hemostatic

Examples of drug under Topical Hemostatic

• Thrombin, thromboplastin

• Fibrin, fibrinogen

• Oxidized cellulose

• Gelatin sponge

• Epinephrine

• Stryptics (iodine, silver nitrate, ferric sulfate, and tannic acid)

Examples of drug under Systemic Hemostatic

• Blood

• Vitamin K

• Protamin sulfate

Vitamin K is necessary for?

Hepatic synthesis of coagulating factors II, VII, IX, and X. This can also cause allergic reactions in some animals.

Name of vitamin K1

Phytomenadione

Name of vitamin K2

Menaquinone

Name of vitamin K3

Menadione

What is the source of K1

From plants

What is the source of K2

From Gram (+) bacteria

What is the source of K3

synthetic

This is a protein found in the sperm of some fishes (milt) and can be used as an anticoagulant (heparin antagonist)

Protamin Sulfate

This class of drug increases the function of fibrin for faster action of clotting factors, it has no allergic reactions

Anti-fibrinolytic

Examples of drugs that are anti-fibrinolytic

• Tranexamic acid

• Aminocaproic acid

• Aprotinin

Three (3) classes under anti-hemostatics

• Anticoagulant

• Fibrinolytics

• Antithrombotic

Mechanism of Action of Anticoagulants

Prevents blood coagulation by interfering with the clotting cascades

Examples of anticoagulant drugs in vivo

• Heparin

• ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)

• Sodium citrate

Examples of anticoagulant drugs in vitro

• Heparin

• ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)

• Sodium citrate

• Ca EDTA

• Oxalate

• Double Oxalate

Mechanism of Action of Fibrinolytics

Increases the activity of plasmin or fibrinolysin, which is responsible for dissolving clots. It destroys embolus that can cause clog in a blood vessel

Examples of drug under fibrinolytics

• Streptokinase

• Streptodornase

• Alteplase

• Reteplase

• Urokinase

Mechanism of Antithrombotic

Affects platelets activity

Examples of Antithrombotic

• Aspirin and other NSAID

• Dipyridamole

• Clopidogrel

• Triclopidine

Mechanism of Inotropes

Increases the strength of heart muscle contraction

Four (4) classes under Inotropes

• Cardiac glycoside

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholamine

• Beta-adrenergic agonist

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition

Mechanism of Action of Cardiac Glycosides

Inhibits the membrane bound Na-K-ATPase pump. Digitalis has also a negative chromotropic effect due to decrease conduction velocity in the AV node and potentiates vagal activity in the heart.

Example of drug under Cardiac Glycoside

Digitalis

Source of Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove

Preparations of Digitalis purpurea

• Digitoxin

• Gitoxin

• Gitalin

Preparations of Digitalis lanta

• Digitoxin

• Gitoxin

• Digoxin

Drug preparations made of Strophantus gratus and Strophantus kombe

• Strophanthidin

• Ouabain

More sensitive to Digoxin

Cats

Which is the drug of choice between the different preparations in Digitalis lanta except in animals with renal disease, and has a diuretic effect.

Digoxin

Examples of drugs that are Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholamine

• Theophylline

• Aminophylline

• Amrinone

• Milrinone

• Sildenafil

Which among the Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholamine drugs are common in human

Amrinone

Which among the Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholamine drugs are DOC for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in dogs

Milrinone

Which among the Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholaminedrugs have vasodilation effect and use for pulmonary hypotension

Sildenafil

Mechanism of Action (MOA) of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors or Non-glycoside, Non-catecholamine

Inhibit the breakdown of C-AMP and therefore increases the intracellular C-AMP result to increase heart contractility.

Used as alternative if refractory to digitalis

Milrinone

Examples of drugs under Beta-adrenergic Agonist

• Dopamine

• Dobutamine

• Epinephrine

• Isoproterenol

Which among theBeta-adrenergic Agonistdrugs are drug of choice

Isoproterenol

Mechanism of Action of Beta-adrenergic Agonist

Increase heart-contractility by stimulating Adenyl cyclase and increase C-AMP.

This drug is only used for emergency therapy of cardiac arrest

Epinephrine

Examples of drugs that areAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition

• Captropril

• Enalapril

• Benazepril

• Ramipril

Mechanism of Action of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition

Aside from its use in heart disease, it is also beneficial for chronic renal failure

Four (4) classes of anti-arrhythmics

• Class I

• Class II

• Class III

• Class IV

This class selectively block the fast Na-channel; membrane-stabilizing drugs

Class I

Examples of Class I Anti-arrhythmics

• Quinidine

• Procainamide

• Lidocaine

Examples of Class II Anti-arrhythmics

• Propanolol

• Timolol

• Nadolol

• Alprenolol

• Metoprolol

This Class II anti-arrhythmic drug is beneficial in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Propanolol

This Class II anti-arrhythmic drug should be avoided in cats with respiratory disease

Propanolol

This class prolong the cardiac action potential and refractory period

Class III

Examples of drugs that are Class III antiarrhythmic

• Bretylium

• Amiodarone

• Sotalol

Class III antiarrhythmic drug that has anti-anginal action

Amiodarone

Class III antiarrhythmic drug that is the DOC for boxers with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and syncope

Sotalol

Class IV antiarrhythmic drug is also known as

Ca-channel blocking drugs

Examples of drugs under Calcium channel blocker

• Verapamil

• Diltiazem

• Nifedipine

• Amlodipine

Four (4) classes under vasoactive drugs

• Arterial dilators

• Venous dilators

• Carvedilol

After load reducer

Arterial dilators

Pre load reducer

Venous dilators

This class of Vasoactive drug is the

• treatment of Hypertension and Heart failure

• Has both alpha and beta receptor antagonist action

• Reduces myocardial work load

• Lower peripheral vascular resistance

Carvedilol

This drug class have both vasodilators and positive inotropic properties

Inodilators

Examples of drugs that are inolators

• Pimobendan

• Levosimendan

Give drugs that are new or experimental for heart failure

• Epoprostenol

• Bosentan

This experimental drug is said to treat pulmonary hypertension

Epoprostenol

This experimental drug is a potent vasoconstrictor antagonist and used for dogs with pulmonary hypertension and dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

Bosentan