AP Bio Biochemistry Vocab

Covalent bond

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Hydrogen bond

noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Ionic bond

the attraction between cations(+) and anions(-

Specific Heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of substance to change by 1 degree celcius

Surface tension

the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquidA

dhesion

the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cel cell walls by hydrogen bonds

Cohesion

the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Heat of vaporization

the quantity of hear a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas

Hydrophobic

“water - favoring”

Hydrophilic

habing an affinity for water

pH scale/H+ ion

hydroxyl group

chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom; water-soluble; called alcohols

Carboxyl group

chemical group in organic acids with a single carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

Carbonyl group

chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen

Amino group

chemical group with nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms; acting as base in solution, acquiring hydrogen ion and 1+ charge

Phosphate group

chemical group with phosphate atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms; importsnt in energy transfer

Suldhydryl group

chemical group consisting of sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Polymer

a long molecule consisting of any similar/identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

Monomer

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Dehydration reaction

chemical reaction where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Hydrolysis reaction

chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules with addition of water; used in reaction →polymers→monomers

Monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides

Glysosidic linkage

covalent bon formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Polysaccharide

polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reaction

Fatty acid

caroxylic acid with long carbon chain

Triacylglycerol/triglyceride

lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Ester Linkage

Bond for Lipids, fatty acid attaches to other things via Ester Linkage

Phospholipid

lipid made of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Steroid

type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fusd rings with various chemical groups attached

Amino Acid

organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; monomers of polypeptides

Peptide bond

covalent bond between carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino groi[ on another, formed by dehydration reaction

Primary structure

the level of protein structure referring to specific linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

regions of repetitive coiling of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not side chain)

Tertiary structure

overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chaains

Quaternary structure

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3-dimensional arrangement if its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

Denaturation

process by which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weal chemical bonds and interactions, there by becoming biologically inactive

DNA

double-stranded, helixal nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a base sugar and nitrogenous bases A-T(U), G-C

RNA

type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases A-U, G-C

Nucleotide

building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Enzyme

macromolecule serving as a catalyst, most enzymes are proteins

Activation energy

the amount of energy that reactant must abosrb before a chemical reaction will start

Catalyst

chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Substrate

reactant on which an enzyme works

Product

material resulting from a chemical reaction

Active site

specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

Cofactors

ant non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzume

Competitive inhibotr

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substratem who’s structure it mimics

Non competitive inhibitor

substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzymes shape, the active site no longer catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

Feedback inhibition

method of metabolical control in which the end product of a metabolize pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway