Protein memorize

In acid hydrolysis _____ is completely destroyed

Trp

In basic hydrolysis the amino acids _____, _____, _____, & _____ are completely destroyed

Arg, Lys, Asn, Ser

Enumerate the order of amino acids in terms for decreasing RF

High: -I L F V M W-
Medium: -P A T C E-
Medium low: -G S D N-
Low: -H K R-

Carboxypeptidase A cleaves _____

All C-terminal residues except for R K

Carboxypeptidase B cleaves _____

C-terminal R K only

Aminopeptidase cleaves _____

All N-terminal except when proline is next

Carboxypeptidase C & Y cleaves _____

all C-terminal residues

What is hydrazinolysis?

All internal residues are converted to hydrazides, leaving only C-terminal intact

Cyanogen bromide cleaves _____

C-side methionine

Trypsin cleaves _____

C-side R K except when P is beside

Chymotrypsin cleaves _____

C-side F W Y L

R group: Alanine

Methyl

R group: Valine

Isopropyl

R group: Isoleucine

Sec-butyl

R group: Leucine

Isobutyl

R group: Proline

Pyrrolidine

R group: Cysteine

Thiol

R group: Methionine

Thioether

R group: Serine

Primary Alcohol

R group: Threonine

Secondary Alcohol

R group: Phenylalanine

Benzyl

R group: Tryptophan

Indole

R group: Tyrosine

Phenolic

R group: Asparagine

Beta-amide

R group: Glutamine

Gamma-amide

R group: Aspartic acid

Beta-carboxylate

R group: Glutamic acid

Gamma-carboxylate

R group: Lysine

Epsilon-amino

R group: Arginine

Guanidino

R group: Histidine

Imidazole

Essential amino acids

W T V R H K M I L F

Ionizable side chain amino

H R K D E C Y

Polar amino

G C S T Y N Q

Ionizing order of amino

a-COOH → R-group → a-NH₃

Peptide bond formation reaction is called _____

Nucleophillic acyl substitution

There are _____ amino acids per helix turn

3.6

The H-bonding in a alpha helix occurs between _____ and _____

C=O, NH

_____, _____ and _____ are helix breakers

Proline, hydroxyproline, glycine

H-bonding occurs in the a-helix after every _____ residues

four (4)

In b-pleated sheets, the _____ conformation is far are more stable than _____

anti-parallel, parallel

Differentiate conformation from configuration

In conformation the protein changes only its shape
In configuration, it is achieved only through breaking/remaking bonds

In acid-hydrolysis, _____ residues are converted to _____

Gln+Asn, Glu+Asp

The bond between N terminal and a-Carbon is called _____

phi

The bond between a-Carbon and carbonyl carbon is called _____

omega

What are 4 non-covalent interactions stabilizing tertiary structure

Hydrogen bond
Hydrophobic interactions
Salt-bridges
Van der waals

Quarternary structure

Assembly of 2 or more individual polypeptide chain to form single complex

Tertiary structure

3D spatial arrangement of polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

Localized/repeating amino sequences that causes folding into a-helix and b-sheets

Primary sequences

Determined by polypeptide sequence

What are methods of denaturation (SODRSHT)

Strong acid/base
Organic solvents
Detergents
Redox agents
Salt
Heavy metal
Temperature

In a complete hydrolysis _____ and _____ are used

Strong acid/base, high temperature

In complete hydrolysis, the products are ultimately _____

free amino acids

In an incomplete hydrolysis _____ are used

Enzymes

In acid hydrolysis, there is incomplete liberation of _____ and _____

V, I

In acid hydrolysis, there is partial destruction of _____ and _____

C, Y

What are 4 subunits of casein

K
B
As2
As1

Casein is precipitated isoelectrically at pH _____

4.6

What are 4 whey proteins

a-Lactalbumin
b-Lactaglobin
Immunoglobulin
Serum albumin

Biuret test target & reagent

Peptide bond & CuSO3 + NaOH

Ninhydrin target & reagent

Free a-amino acids & 1,2,3-indanetrione monohydrate + NaOH

Xanthoproteic target & reagent

Aromatic & NH₃ + NAOH (concentrated)

Millon’s target & reagent

Phenolic & HgSO₄ + H₂SO₄

Hopkins-Cole target & reagent

Indole & Glyoxylic acid + H₂SO₄

Sakaguchi target & reagent

Guanidino & a-Napthol, NaOBR, NaOH

Fohl’s target & reagent

Sulfur containing (C) & Lead (II) acetate

Nitroprusside target & reagent

Sulfhydryl (C) & Nitroprusside

Amide test target & reagent

Amides (Asn, Gln) & NaOH + heat

Pauly’s target & reagent

Imidazole, Phenolic & Sulfanillic acid NaNO3 NaCO3

Biuret test mechanism

Cu2+ complexation

Ninhydrin test mechanism

OD → DeA → Condensation

Xanthoproteic test mechanism

Nitration of aromatic ring

Millon’s test mechanism

Mercurial complexation

Hopkins-Cole test mechanism

Condensation of TRP to glyoxylic acid

Sakaguchi test mechanism

a-Napthol condensation w/ guanidino

Fohl’s test mechanism

PbS formation via degradation substitution

Nitroprusside test mechanism

Complexation of Cys + nitroprusside

Amide test mechanism

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis

Pauly’s test mechanism

Diazotized sulfanillic acid

Insulin are located in _____ cells of pancreas

beta

Glucagon are located in _____ cells of pancreas

alpha

Insulin _____ glycogenesis

promotes

Insulin _____ glycogenolysis

inhibits

Insulin _____ gluconeogenesis

Inhibits

Glucagon _____ glycogenesis

inhibits

Glucagon _____ glycogenolysis

promotes

Glucagon _____ gluconeogenesis

promotes