BioLec3(5) Chapter15

Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?

 

fever

headache

muscle aches

nausea

fever

The number of pathogen cells or particles required to cause death in 50% of inoculated animals is ____________________.

 

Virulence factor 50

Infection factor 50

Median Infectious Dose (ID50)

Median Lethal Dose (LD50)

Median Lethal Dose (LD50)

Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms?

 

incubation

illness

convalescence

prodromal

prodromal

Koch's postulates are limited as two individuals that have the same pathogen, might not exhibit the same signs and symptoms.

 

True

False

True

What does the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or within the body refer to?

 

Infection

Adhesion

Exposure

Invasion

Invasion

What is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

 

HIV

Tetanus

Chickenpox

Mumps

Tetanus

What is a disease?

 

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

Is a condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor

Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient

Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient’s gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this?

 

zoonotic

vectors

iatrogenic

local

iatrogenic

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

 

skin infection acquired from a dog bite

infection acquired from the stick of a contaminated needle

infection with a respiratory virus

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

The following are periods of infectious disease. Mark all that apply.

 

Convalescence period

Incubation period

Ending period

Prodromal period

onvalescence period

Incubation period

Prodromal period

What is an example of a noninfectious disease?

 

Sickle cell anemia

Chickenpox

HIV

Mumps

Sickle cell anemia

The ability of the microbe to cause disease is known as ________________________.

 

inflammation

virulence

infection

pathogenicity

pathogenicity

What is a disease?

 

Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient

Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

Is a condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

What is an example of a latent disease?

 

Shingles

Influenza

Hepatitis B

Mononucleosis

Shingles

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease?

 

nosocomial

iatrogenic

contagious

acute

contagious

When localized pathogens, or the toxin it produces, can spread to secondary locations, it is considered _____________________.

 

A focal infection

A systemic infection

A local infection

A primary infection

A focal infection

Diseases that are contracted because of a medical procedure __________________.

 

Are known as infectious diseases

Are known as communicable diseases

Are known as nosocomial diseases

Are known as iatrogenic diseases

Are known as iatrogenic diseases

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

 

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

infection with a respiratory virus

infection acquired from the stick of a contaminated needle

skin infection acquired from a dog bite

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

What are hyaluronidase, collagenase, produced by microbes examples of?

 

exotoxins

exoenzymes

adhesive factor

hemolysins

exoenzymes

Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

 

degrade antibodies

promote pathogen spread through connective tissue.

degrade nucleic acid to promote spread of pathogen

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

Cilia, fimbriae, and pili are all examples of structures used by microbes for adhesion. 

 

True

False

True

A-B toxins, which are intracellular targeting toxins, are produced by some of the following diseases. Mark all that apply.

 

Diphtheria

Cholera

Anthrax

Tetanus

Diphtheria

Cholera

Tetanus

What is excessive activation of the immune system and severe response that can lead to life threatening fever, inflammation, and shock, are caused by?

 

Intracellular targeting toxins

Membrane disrupting toxins

Superantigens

Superinfection

Superantigens

You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin?

 

superantigen

endotoxin

exotoxin

leukocidin

exotoxin

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

 

It acts as a spreading factor.

It promotes blood clotting.

It is produced by immune cells to target pathogens.

It is an example of an adhesin.

It acts as a spreading factor.

What are exotoxins?

 

Are lipids

Are nucleases

Are enzymes

Are proteins

Are proteins

Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

 

degrade antibodies

promote pathogen spread through connective tissue.

degrade nucleic acid to promote spread of pathogen

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

What are we talking about when point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)?

 

Antigenic drift

Antigenic shift

Viral adhesins

Viral defense

Antigenic drift

Virulence factors include the following. Mark all that apply.

 

exoenzymes

ribosomes

exotoxins

endotoxins

exoenzymes

exotoxins

endotoxins

What are fungal toxins?

 

Are exotoxins

Are endotoxins

Are mycotoxins

Are neurotoxins

Are mycotoxins

What is the method to avoid phagocytosis by the host?

 

Producing fimbriae

Producing toxins

inducing TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factors)

Inducing endocytosis

Inducing endocytosis

What are endotoxins?

 

Are produced by Gram negative bacteria

Are produced by Gram positive bacteria

Are proteins

Are heat labile

Are produced by Gram negative bacteria

What is Aflatoxin produced by?

 

Candida

Cryptococcus

Claviceps

Aspergillus

Aspergillus

Which protozoan can form capsules and thus avoid phagocytosis?

 

Plasmodium

Giardia

Trypanosoma

Euglenozoa

Trypanosoma

What is the reason why malaria persists and it is not easily detected by the immune system of the host?

 

The different endotoxins

The different exotoxins

The antigenic variations

The ability to avoid phagocytosis

The antigenic variations

Antigenic drift is the result of reassortment of genes responsible for the production of influenza virus spike proteins between different virus particles while in the same host, whereas antigenic shift is the result of point mutations in the spike proteins.

 

True

False

False

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

 

It acts as a spreading factor.

It promotes blood clotting.

It is produced by immune cells to target pathogens.

It is an example of an adhesin.

It acts as a spreading factor.