US History Test 2

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Early Republic, the Market Revolution, Jacksonian Democracy, and nineteenth-century religious and reform movements.

Alexander Hamilton

The Secretary of the Treasury who developed early American financial policies and established the Bank of the United States to stabilize the economy.

Bank of the United States

A national financial institution founded on gold and silver reserves and funded by taxes on goods and services, which served as the foundation of the economy but was criticized for linking the interest of the federal government and the wealthy.

Jay's Treaty

An agreement between the United States and Britain that deepened the political split between the Federalists and the Republicans.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Federal legislation that fueled heated national debates over free speech and what it meant to be American.

Religious Freedom (Founders' View)

The principle that individuals are free to believe as they choose while simultaneously avoiding a state-sponsored church, which the founders believed would lead to religious tyranny.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A landmark Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review by declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

The constitutional doctrine established under Marbury v. Madison granting the federal judiciary the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Revolution

A fundamental paradigm shift that dramatically alters existing political, social, or economic systems.

Age of Revolution

An era of political, social, and economic change that transformed global politics, society, and the international economy.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising against French rule inspired by the American Revolution, though it did not lead to an immediate end to forced labor and slavery in the region.

Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves (1807)

Federal legislation that made the importation of enslaved people into the United States a federal crime.

Polygenesis Theory

A nineteenth-century racial theory that entered scientific and social debates by claiming separate and distinct origins for different human races.

Millenarianism (Amerindian Practice)

An Amerindian religious practice centered on a prophetic objective to restore traditional social and spiritual order.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Great Britain that renewed American patriotism, encouraged expansionism, and marked the end of the Federalist Party.

Impressment

The British naval practice of capturing American sailors and forcing them into service as virtual slaves to the British naval army.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

A land acquisition from France that doubled the geographical size of the United States and strongly motivated westward expansion.

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

A patriotic poem written by Francis Scott Key while detained aboard a British ship during the War of 1812.

Jeffersonian Republicanism

A political philosophy focused on reducing the size and power of the federal government, differing sharply from Federalist goals.

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy declaration that departed from Jeffersonian restraint by echoing a Federalist stance on aggressive foreign policy.

Industrial Revolution

An economic and technological transformation that propelled urbanization, transportation networks, communications, and manufacturing industries.

Steam Engine

A technological innovation developed by James Watt used for mill driving that powered industrialization and revolutionized transportation.

Erie Canal

A vital artificial waterway that connected western commerce through the Hudson River, fostering urbanization and economic integration.

Market-Based Farming

An agricultural system developed during the Market Revolution where farmers produced cash crops for national and international markets rather than subsistence.

Geographic Center Shift

The demographic and geographic movement of the United States westward, driven by expanding manufacturing and urbanization.

Antebellum Free Black Communities

Communities of free African Americans who functioned as active participants in American society despite enduring legal and political disenfranchisement.

Modern American Factory

Centralized manufacturing facilities that expanded rapidly during the Market Revolution and challenged earlier craft and artisan systems.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private enterprise and the free market.

Socialism / Communism

A social and economic philosophy grounded in Marxian philosophy that arose in opposition to capitalist exploitation and class divisions.

Market Revolution Class Conflict

Tensions that emerged between the wealthy and wage laborers, prompting the creation of early labor unions.

Horace Mann

Educational reformer known as the "Father of Education" who valued American freedom and industrial development, and inspired Argentine President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

The President of Argentina who was directly inspired by Horace Mann's philosophy of universal public education.

American Family (Industrialization)

The domestic structure reshaped by industrialization to reinforce class expectations while providing new opportunities for social mobility.

Nativism

An ideology that favors native-born citizens over immigrants in response to sudden waves of immigration.

Democracy (Founders' View)

A form of governance that early American founders warned against, believing it was dangerous and favored mob rule over a constitutional republic.

Missouri Crisis

A fierce national political controversy centered on the debate over the expansion of slavery into western territories.

Andrew Jackson ("Old Hickory")

The President characterized by opponents as a "stubborn donkey" with deeply embedded Democratic roots, recognized by supporters for his resilience and impressive military record.

The Bank War

Andrew Jackson's political offensive against the national bank, reflecting his laissez-faire economic views and opposition from the Whig Party.

Nullification Theory (John C. Calhoun)

The doctrine advanced by John C. Calhoun asserting that states could ignore federal laws, provoking an advanced constitutional debate over states' rights.

Whig Party

An anti-monarchical political party named after the old English party that aimed to remove the monarch's stain, united by shared criticism of Andrew Jackson.

William Morgan

A former Freemason whose sudden disappearance sparked intense public fears that the American republic was secretly controlled by a secret society.

Anti-Masonic Movement

A political reaction rooted in the fear that Freemasons and secret societies held undue covert power over the American republic.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of $50{,}000$ to $60{,}000$ Native Americans resulting in approximately $4{,}000$ deaths, which historians debate as cultural genocide versus negligent federal policy.

Antebellum African American Voting Rights

Severe racial restrictions on the franchise during the Antebellum period, limiting voting privileges almost entirely to wealthy Blacks in certain states.

Antislavery Movement Factions

The political alignment in which Northern states and abolitionists supported the antislavery cause, while Southern states and Democrats opposed it.

Second Great Awakening

A major wave of religious revivalism in the United States inspired by a changing American landscape.

Temperance Movement

A moral reform movement that campaigned for citizens to abstain from alcohol.

Benevolent Empire

A broad nineteenth-century religious campaign and network of voluntary organizations dedicated to social and moral reform.

Holiness Movement

A religious movement within Protestantism centered on the theological doctrines of sanctification and perfectionism.

Charles G. Finney's Revivalism

A form of religious revivalism that broke with strict predestination by emphasizing the necessity of human action in conversion and reform.

Immediatism

An abolitionist concept that demanded an immediate end to slavery without gradual delays or compensation to enslavers.