Earth Science Unit #1

What are two other countries that use the imperial system?

liberia and myanmar

What is the metric conversion chart from biggest to smallest?

kilo, hecto, deka, basic, deci, centi, milli

What are the 7 principles of leave no trace?

1. Plan ahead and prepare

2. travel and camp on durable surfaces

3. dispose of waste properly

4. leave what you find

5. minimize campfire impact

6. respect wildlife

7. be considerate of other visitors

What is the process of discovery that increases our body of knowledge?

science

What are the 5 major branches of earth science?

1. geology

2. oceanography

3. meteorology

4. astronomy

5. special branches

What is the sun and the assorted features of outer space in?

exosphere

What is found in the lithosphere?

rocks and soil

What is in the hydrosphere?

water

What is in the atomosphere?

air

what is in the biosphere?

life

What is the systematic approach to answering questions about the natural world?

scientific method

What are the 5 scientific method stages?

1. Make Observations

2. Form a Hypothesis

3. Conduct Experiments

4. Theory

5. Law

What are some areas that science can’t answer?

ethics and theology

What are 5 things of bad science? What is bad science called?

Pseudoscience

1. poor scientific research rarely reaches a public forum because of the checks and balances

2. an attack on the scientist, not the science

3. people who argue from authority

4. confusion over cause and effect

5. the use of bad statistics

What are 3 things citizens must do to play a role in science?

1. know - take responsibility to know the science of our world

2. care

3. act

What is the government agency responsible for protecting the health of the environment?

the environmental protection agency (EPA)

What National Park’s lake caught fire? What was the river’s name? How did this happen?

Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Cuyahoga River, ports would throw pollutants into the water so much that the lake caught fire

What event lead to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and what other event?

the fire of 1969 or the Cuyahoga River Fire, clean water act of 1972

What song is based off of the fire of 1969?

Randy Newman - Burn on

What is #1

ocean

What is #2

mountains

What is #3

oceanic crust

What is #4

lithosphere

What is #5

continental crust

What is #6

crust

What is #7

mantle

What is #8

core

What is #9

upper mantle

What is #10

middle mantle

What is #11

lower mantle

What is #12

outer core Wha

What is #13

inner core

What is #14

convection current

What is #15

Moho

What is #16

Asthenosphere

Who was the 1st scientist that suggested that America had been “torn away” from Europe and Africa?

Abraham Ortellus

What is the earth doing that forms the mountains and ocean basins? What was this hypothesis called?

cooling and contracting, the contracting earth model

Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?

Alfred Wegener

What are the 5 matching features found on different continents supporting the theory of Pangea?

1. plant and animal fossils

2. continuous mountain belts in reassembled Pangea

3. similar unusual sequences of rocks

4. continental shelfs

5. glacial formations

What was seafloor spreading and who proposed this theory?

the formation of ocean ridges, Harry Hess

What provided evidence for Wegener’s continental drift theory?

seafloor spreading

What is #1?

North American plate

What is #2?

South American plate

What is #3?

African plate

What is #4?

Eurasian plate

What is #5?

Indian plate

What is #6?

Australia plate

What is #7?

Antarctic plate

What is #8?

Aleutian trench

What is #9?

Juan de Fuca ridge

What is #10?

mid-american trench

What is #11?

pacific plate

What is #12?

Peru-Chile trench

What is #13?

east pacific ridge

What is #14?

mid-Atlantic ridge

What is #15?

central trench

What is #16?

Java trench

What is #17?

southwestern central ridge

What is #18?

southeastern central ridge

What is #19?

pacific antarctic ridge

What is #20?

Japan ridge

What is #21?

marina trench

Where is the Earth’s interior greatest heat loss?

along the oceanic ridge

Where are the most active volcanos?

“the ring of fire" in the Pacific Ocean

Where are the most common places for earthquakes to occur?

along the trenches because this is where subduction occurs

What is the study of the magnetic field preserved in rocks (lava)?

paleomagnetism

What sphere is the crust and upper mantle (broken into 8 major plates)?

lithosphere

What sphere is found beneath the lithosphere?

asthenosphere

True or False: Tectonic plates are immobile

false

Why does subduction occur?

the two different plates are two different densities, so one will slide beneath the other one

What is it called when plates come together or under one another?

convergent boundary

What is it called when plates move apart from one another?

divergent boundary

What is it called when plates slide past one another?

transform boundary

What are some examples of transform boundaries?

earthquake

What are some examples of convergent boundaries?

mountains and volcanoes

What are some examples of divergent boudnaries?

ridges

What is the force on tectonic plates called?

stress

What are the 3 types of stress?

1. tensional stress - divergent

2. compression stress - convergent

3. shear - transform

What are the physical changes that are created from stress?

strain

What are some examples of strains?

folds, fractures, faults

What is a zone of weakness within the lithosphere?

fault

What are the largest earthquakes that occur on faults?

mega-thrust earthquakes

What is the production of vertical movement of the seafloor that produces a series of high ocean waves?

tsunami

What is it called when rocks spring back?

elastic rebound

What is the location on the fault where movement begins (earthquake source)?

focus (hypocenter)

What is the geographic location on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake focus?

epicenter

What is the change in the elevation of the land surface across the fault?

Fault scarp

What is the surface along which the slip/movement occurs during the earthquake?

fault plane

What are earthquakes preceding the major earthquake?

foreshock

What are the main/major earthquakes?

mainshock

What are earthquakes occurring after the major earthquake?

Aftershocks

What type of fault is it when the block above the fault moves down? What type of boundary does this occur? How much friction is there?

normal fault, divergent boundary, less friction

What type of fault is it when the block above the fault moves up? What type of boundary does this occur?

Reverse fault, convergent boundary, more friction

What type of fault causes the most devastating earthquakes?

reverse fault

What type of fault is it when the blocks will experience horizontal movements?What type of boundary does this occur?

strike-slip, transform boundary

Except for mega-thrust earthquakes, movement on faults is almost always less than how many meters per quake?

5 meter

What type of boundaries create small earthquakes?

divergent earthquakes

What type of boundaries produce earthquakes along any of its numerous branches?

transform boundaries

What are 3 ways scientists track the movement of faults?

1. creep meters

2. strain meters

3. satellites

In the United States, where do earthquakes occur the most frequently?

along the western edge of North America