ARCH2701 (LECTURE 3)- The Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian

Jump to Urban Civilization marked by: ___, relatively ___ homogeneous population

Large, dense

From the transition of villages to cities a common ___ system is defined.Landscape surrounding city is effectively organized,___. ___Structures become stratified.

cultural, agrarian, Social

City becomes ___ ___ & ceremonial/cultural center as it transitions away from being a village.

accumulation point

As we move away from villages there is a emergence of cities related to the presence of water ways: along ___ and ___.

rivers, coastlines

Where did settled farming first emerged?

Fertile Crescent

Technological advances in the Fertile Crescent include the development of agriculture and the use of ___, of writing, the wheel, and ___.

irrigation, glass

The fertile crescent was defined by what 3 rivers?

NILE, TIGRIS, EUPHRATES

For construction of monumental buildings in the Early ___ Period people utilized the mud to make ___ ___.

Sumerian, adobe bricks

Adobe is a natural building material made from ___, clay/mud, water, and some

kind of fibrous or ___ material (sticks, straw, and/or manure)

sand, organic

A ___ is a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.

Ziggurat

The Ziggurat was considered a holy mountain intended to bridge the gap between the ___ and the ___.

earth,heavens

A ___ ___ provides a metaphoric mountain where the temple is placed

Ziggurat Base

A ___ is a pattern of multiple openings/notches along the top of a defensive wall, arrows/other weapons can be shot from here, while higher parts protect soldiers

Crenellation

Ishtar Gate is from ___ architecture.

Babylonian

___ ___ are present in Babylonian architecture and are molded for decorative reliefs/glazed with varied colors (polychromatic)

Adobe Bricks

___ is a celestial being from Mesopotamian religion w/ a human head, lion/bull's body(at times w/ horns/ears of bull) and wings. Appears frequently in Mesopotamian art, guardian, often incorporated at entrances/gates.Present in ___ Art.

Lamassu, Assyrian

Ancient Persia achieved its monumental status in the city of ___, the

empire’s new capital, which was intended as a symbol of the

empire’s sovereignty over its vast dominions

Persepolis

Xerxes' ___ of ___ ___ represents one of earliest examples of airy dominance of space over mass was achieved.

Hall of Hundred Columns

In the Hall of Hundred Columns carved stone columns with ornate ___ capitals, holding up a highly decorated wooden roof of crossing ___.

saddle, rafters

This Persepolis columns has a sculpted saddle to hold wooden beams of ___.

Reflected body of bull, atop curled ___, make ___ (seen in hall of a hundred columns)

roof, flutes, capital

The Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia. __ , Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian

Sumerian

Mesopotamia - historical region of Western Asia situated within the

___-___ river system.

Tigris, Euphrates

___ civilization is often credited with the transition from the

prehistoric age to historical civilization. Architecture becomes a container of these cultural ___.

Mesopotamian, advancements

label Persian columns

capitals, shaft, base