Human Phys general biology part 2

Human Physology basic biology part 2

protien synthesis

process cells use to build functional proteins based on the instructions encoded in DNA (Transcrip and Transalt)

Transcription

The process of using a DNA template to build mRNA inside the nucleus.

Translation

The process where ribosomes read mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into a functional protein.

Epigenetics

Mechanisms that turn specific genes on or off without altering the underlying DNA sequence, determining which proteins a cell produces.

Mutation

A permanent change or error in the DNA sequence, acting as the sole source of completely new genes and proteins.

Mitosis

A cell division process where a parent cell produces two genetically identical somatic cells for growth, tissue repair, or asexual reproduction.

Meiosis

A cell division process where a germ cell produces four genetically unique gametes containing half the original chromosome count.

Cellular Differentiation

The process by which an unspecialized stem cell turns on specific genes to transform into a cell with a specialized structure and function.

Benign Tumor

A non-cancerous cellular mass that remains localized and does not spread to surrounding tissues.

Malignant Tumor

A cancerous mass of cells that can invade nearby tissues or metastasize to other parts of the body.

Glycolysis

The anaerobic process in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose to yield a small amount of ATP.

Krebs Cycle

A process occurring in the mitochondrial matrix that processes pyruvate and loads the electron carriers $NADH$ and $FADH_2$.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of membrane proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that use high-energy electrons to actively pump $H^+$ ions into the intermembrane space.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme complex that allows $H^+$ ions to flow back into the matrix via facilitated diffusion, using that kinetic energy to produce ATP.

Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration

Serves as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, combining with $H^+$ ions to produce water.

Scientific Law

A mathematical formula or concise description outlining what happens under specific conditions in nature.

Scientific Theory

A well-substantiated, comprehensive explanation of how and why a natural phenomenon occurs.

Negative Feedback Loop

A self-regulating system that detects a deviation from a set point and triggers a response to counter the change and restore homeostasis.