Module 1-3 | NTC1 Purpossive Communication

Language

Together with the creation of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic human capacity.

Grammar (A System of Rules)
Phonology (A Sound System )
Lexicon (A Vocabulary )

Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has these elements.

Language

Is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used by people for communicating.

Speech Community

When people use language, they can understand each other because they belong to the same. They can understand each other because people share the same set of rules in the language system.

Language Acquisition

While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community.

Mother Tongue

The language acquired while growing up.

Mother Tongue

May also be referred to as first language.

Second Languages

People discover later on that other languages are needed for various reasons.

Language Learning

People learn these languages by studying formally in school or informally on their own.

Language Contact

When people with differing languages meet, the result of such contact may be a new form of language.

Language Change

Your own languages may also change as you constantly interact and communicate with each other.

Phonology

-The study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages.
-The sound system of the language.

Morphology

-The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
-It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Syntax

-The arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases.
-The study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.

Semantics

-The study of meanings in a language.
--Studies the literal meaning.

Pragmatics

-The appropriate use of language in different contexts.
--Studies both the literal and inferred meaning.

Communication

Is from the Latin word communicare which means "to share" or "to be in relation with". Some suggest that it came from Latin term communicatio which means "sharing" or "imparting".

Communication

Is the process that involves the exchange and development of ideas to achieve a particular goal and purpose.

Communication

Occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver), various context come into play.

Context

Is the circumstances or the environment where communication take place.

Verbal Communication

The sharing of Information between two individuals using words, spoken, written or signed.

Why is Verbal Communication important?

1. We use verbal communication to inform.

2. Verbal communication helps to clarify misunderstandings and provides missing information.

3. Verbal Communication can also be used as a tool of persuasion.

Non-Verbal Communication

Includes body language, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and posture. The sound of our voice, including pitch, tone and volume are also forms of this.

Touch

Is a non-verbal communication that indicates a person’s feelings, level of comfort, and illustrates personality characteristics as well.

Michael Argyle

In his book “Bodily Communication,” he identifies five main functions of non-verbal communication:
-to express emotions,
-communicate interpersonal relationships,
-support verbal interaction,
-reflect personality;
-perform rituals, such as greetings and goodbyes.

Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D.

In his paper, “The Importance of Effective Communication,” details how non-verbal communication interacts with verbal communication. We can, -reinforce, -contradict, -substitute, -complement or emphasize our verbal communication with non-verbal cues such as gestures, expressions and vocal inflection.

Visual Communication

The transmission of information and ideas using visuals Examples: graphs and charts, diagrams, electronic communication symbols or images.

intra-

Latin prefix, means within or inside.

Intrapersonal Communication

-Talking to oneself, Self talk or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it: self-verbalization or self-statement.
-The SPEAKER and LISTENER are one and the same: YOU.
-Communication process within an individual.

inter-

Latin prefix, means between, among, and together.

Interpersonal Communication

-An interactive exchange takes place
-This may occur in dyads or small group, also known as group communication.
-A communication situation is this if it is meant to establish or deepen one’s relationship with others.

Transactional

Becomes this if the objective is to achieve something at the end of the interpersonal conversation.

Extended Communication

-Involves the use of electronic media. -Since it is public in nature, speakers are expected to be prepared when they speak, making their language more formal. -This is probably the most popular form of communication nowadays. It includes all types of technology to send a message to a lot of people. This includes email, twitter, facebook, and instagram.

Extended Communication

-Unlike before when it only called for the use of television and radio, nowadays it’s description may be expanded as to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing, video conferencing; skype calls’ and other technological means.
-Your own thinking, behaviors and attitude may be influenced by other people and you may be persuaded to take the views your hear.

Organizational Communication

-For an organization to be successful, a set of rules should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established.

Formal Structures

-Allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions. -It may be Downward, Upward, Horizontal, and Crosswise communication. (Organizational Communication)

Informal Structures

-Comes from unofficial channels of message flow. -“Grapevine” -Messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. -Occurs due to dissatisfaction of some employees to the superiors. (Organizational Communication)

Intercultural Communication

Communication between or among people having different: -Language -Religion -Ethnicity -Social status -Professional background

Intercultural Communication

-Gender difference also affects communication. -Individuals having different orientations communicate and interpret messages differently (particularly happens in non-verbal communication).

Formal Communication

✓ occurs in formal and official style.
✓ certain rules, conventions, principles and authority lines are needed to be followed

Formal Communication

✓ Usually professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences undergoes in formal pattern.
✓ In this, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required.

Informal Communication

✓ done using channels that are in contrast with formal communication channels.
✓ It’s just a casual talk
✓ helps in building relationships.

Informal Communication

✓ In this, use of slang words, foul language is not restricted.
✓ Usually done orally and using gestures.

Businesstopia 2018

Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how communication works.

Communication Models

Models that show the communication process metaphorically and in symbols.

Communication Models

They form general perspectives on communication by breaking communication from complex to simple and keep the components in order.

Communication Models

Can sometimes encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but can also omit some major aspects of human communication.

Aristotle’s Model

This is considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C.

Aristotle’s Model

It is also the most widely accepted among all communication models.

Aristotle’s Model

Is mainly focused on speaker and speech.

Aristotle’s Model

It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.

Aristotle’s Model

Is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active.

Speaker’s

Role to deliver a speech to the audience.

Audience’s

Role is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.

Harold Dwight Lasswell

The American political scientist.

Harold Dwight Lasswell’s Model

States that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questions: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To whom, and With What Effect.

Harold Dwight Lasswell’s Model

The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) afterwards.

Harold Dwight Lasswell’s Model

The process may be analysed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the recipient of the message.

Harold Dwight Lasswell’s Model

This model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the same components.

Harold Dwight Lasswell’s Model

Also differs in that there are 5 variables involved, with the addition of two: medium and effect.

Shannon

In 1948 was an American mathematician and Electronic engineer.

Weaver

In 1948 was an American scientist.

Shannon and Weaver

Both of them joined together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”

“A Mathematical Theory of Communication”

Also called the “Shannon-Weaver model of communication”.

“Bell System Technical Journal”

Where Shannon and Weaver wrote “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”

Shannon-Weaver Model

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver.

Shannon-Weaver Model

Also, they find factors which affects the communication process called “Noise”.

Shannon-Weaver Model

At first, the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication.

Sender (Information source)

Is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message.

Encoder (Transmitter)

Is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.

Channel

Is the medium used to send message.

Decoder

Is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the receiver who translates the message from signals.

Receiver (Destination)

Is the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. Provides feedback according to the message.

Noise

Is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.

David K. Berlo

A communication theorist and consultant.

David K. Berlo

Developed a model named as S-M-C-R Model of communication in 1960 in his book “The process of communication”.

“The process of communication”

1960 book released by David K. Berlo

SMCR

Stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver.

SMCRN

SMCR model was modified later on to include noise.

Sender

• The source of the message or the person who originates the message.
• The person or source sends the message to the receiver.
• The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.

Message

• The substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver.
• It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media.

Channel

• The medium used to send the message.
• In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc.
• But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.

Receiver

• The person who gets the message sent in the process.
• This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective.
• The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar.
• Must also have a very good listening skill.
• Other factors are similar to that of the sender.

General Principles Of Effective Communication (Both oral and written)

1. Know Your Purpose
2. Know Your Audience
3. Know Your Topic
4. Adjust Your Speech To The Context
5. Work On The Feedback Given To You Know Your Purpose

Know Your Audience

In both speaking and writing , you should know your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture and other salient features of your listeners or readers.

Know Your Topic

Way before you speak, make sure you understand and know what the topic it is that you will be talking about. You need to make sure that you have a lot of information beforehand.

Adjust Your Speech To The Context

The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use.

Work On The Feedback Given To You

Work on the comments of the listeners/readers. Take kindly to criticisms. You should be prepared when someone disagrees and make sure you have a suitable response towards them.

Principles Of Effective Oral Communication

• Be clear with your purpose
• Be complete with the message you deliver
• Be concise
• Be natural with your delivery
• Be specific and timely with your feedback

Principles Of Effective Written Communication (The 7 C’s)

• Clear
• Concise
• Concrete
• Correct
• Coherent
• Complete
• Courteous

Clear

• Make use of exact, appropriate and concrete words. • Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. • Put a limit in the length of a sentence. • Insert no more than one main idea in a sentence.

Concise

• Eliminate wordy Expressions. • Include only relevant material. • Avoid unnecessary Repetition.

Concrete

• Use specific facts and figures. • Choose image building words. • Put action in your verbs.

Correct

• Use the correct level of language • Include only facts and figures • Maintain acceptable writingc mechanics • There should be proper grammar, punctuation, spelling and paragraphing.

Coherent

• Use transitional or cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere with one another.

• Arrange the words correctly.

Complete

• Provide all necessary information. Use the five W and H questions; WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW?

Courteous

• Avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate misinterpretation. • Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. • Use expressions that show respect. • Choose nondiscriminatory expressions.

Ethics

Rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Ethics

A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group, or an individual.

Communication Ethics

It emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication.